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Gallery 11

Crowns and succession

Ambition. The law it tested: succession, primogeniture and regency.

361 storiesAmbitionSuccession, primogeniture and regency
French: L'Exécution de lady Jane Grey en la tour de Londres, l'an 1554 The Execution of Lady Jane Greytitle QS:P1476,fr:, painting by Paul Delaroche
French: L'Exécution de lady Jane Grey en la tour de Londres, l'an 1554 The Execution of Lady Jane Greytitle QS:P1476,fr:. Paul Delaroche, 1833. Public domain, Wikimedia Commons.

What did these cases decide about succession, primogeniture and regency?

A creator who divides his life between a wife and a partner, and his film rights among investors, leaves each of them a veto over the others. An abdication settlement is a contract, and hiding assets during it costs the trust it depends on. A sealed will blocks outsiders, including claimants with no case, from using the estate as evidence.

Stories
361
Years
2950 BCE to 2025
Main subjects
Royalty, Egypt and Africa, Asian dynasties
Main regions
Europe, Middle East, East Asia
Updated
30 October 2026

Every case in this gallery, best-known first

Best-known first: cases from 1900 on, then the United States, then Europe, and the people most read about on English Wikipedia each month. Fiction, scripture and legend come last.

Mehmed III: Sultan and 92. Caliph of Islam,Mehmet III of the Ottoman Empire (1566–1603)1595 · Topkapı Palace, IstanbulOttoman Sultan Mehmed III had his 19 brothers strangled on the day he took the throneOttoman succession had no rule of primogeniture. Any son of a sultan could claim the throne. Mehmed II's law code in the 15th century allowed a new sultan to put his brothers to death "for the order of the world".Wikipedia (English) and 1 moreOrson Welles: Orson Welles, photographed by Carl Van Vechten1985 · Los Angeles, CaliforniaOrson Welles's daughter Beatrice sued his partner Oja Kodar, fought her over The Other Side of the Wind, and lost her claim to the Citizen Kane copyrightOrson Welles died in Los Angeles on 10 October 1985. He left a wife, Paola Mori, and a partner of about 20 years, the Croatian actress Oja Kodar. Mori died in August 1986 after a car crash.FindLaw Caselaw and 5 moreEdward VIII: HRH The Prince of Wales No 4 (HS85-10-36416)1972 · Paris, FranceEdward VIII gave up the throne, sold Sandringham and Balmoral to his brother, and hid how much money he hadEdward VIII abdicated on 11 December 1936 to marry Wallis Simpson, an American divorcée. Sandringham and Balmoral were private property, and his father had left him a life interest in them.Wikipedia (English) and 1 morePrincess Margaret: Portrait of Princess Margaret, circa 1950.2002 · King Edward VII's Hospital, LondonA Jersey accountant sued to open Princess Margaret's sealed will to prove he was her secret sonPrincess Margaret died in February 2002 and the Queen Mother in March 2002. Both wills were sealed. Robert Andrew Brown, an accountant living in Jersey, believed he was Margaret's illegitimate son, given up at birth.The National Archives, Find Case Law and 1 moreGeorge V: King George 1923label QS:Len,"King George 1923"1936 · Sandringham House, Norfolk, EnglandGeorge V's doctor injected him with morphine and cocaine so his death would make the morning papersKing George V was dying of heart and lung disease at Sandringham. On the night of 20 January 1936 his physician, Lord Dawson of Penn, injected him with three-quarters of a grain of morphine and one grain of cocaine.The New York Times and 1 moreMako Komuro: Mako Komuro, formely Princess Mako of Akishino (cropped)2021 · Tokyo, Japan; New York, USAJapan's Princess Mako refused a ¥140 million payout to marry a commoner and lost her royal statusUnder Japan's Imperial House Law, a princess who marries a commoner leaves the imperial family; only men inherit the throne. Princess Mako, niece of Emperor Naruhito, announced her engagement to Kei Komuro in 2017.Wikipedia (English) and 1 moreFelipe VI: Daiga Mieriņa tiekas ar Spānijas karali - 53814974005 (cropped)-22014 · Madrid, Spain; Abu Dhabi, UAESpain's King Felipe renounced his father's inheritance after a $100 million Saudi payment came to light, and Juan Carlos left for Abu DhabiJuan Carlos I restored democracy in Spain after Franco. In April 2012 he broke his hip on an elephant hunt in Botswana with Corinna Larsen, a businesswoman. He abdicated in 2014 in favour of his son Felipe.euronews.com and 2 moreGustav Klimt: Klimt1918 · Vienna, AustriaAfter Gustav Klimt died in 1918, the mothers of his children claimed support from his estate and were paid 4,000 to 10,000 crowns eachGustav Klimt died in Vienna in February 1918 after a stroke. He never married. He paid monthly allowances to the mothers of several children. Documented are six children by three women, two of whom died young.klimt-database.com and 4 moreThe Queen Mother: Portrait of Queen Elizabeth (1900–2002)2002 · Royal Lodge, Windsor, EnglandThe Queen Mother left her estate to her daughter free of inheritance tax under a 1993 deal between the palace and the TreasuryAfter the 1992 Windsor Castle fire, public anger over who would pay for repairs led the Queen to agree to pay income tax. The 1993 Memorandum of Understanding on Royal Taxation set the terms.GOV.UK and 2 moreRough cullinan diamond: The rough Cullinan diamond.1953 · Cullinan, Gauteng, South Africa; London, EnglandThe Transvaal bought the largest diamond ever found as a birthday gift for Edward VII, the cutter kept the smaller stones as his fee, and South Africans petition for its returnOn 26 January 1905 the surface manager Frederick Wells found a diamond of 3,106 carats at the Premier No. 2 mine near Pretoria. It was named after the mine's owner, Thomas Cullinan.UK Parliament, Hansard and 3 moreColuche: Press conference with French humorist Coluche about the Restos du Coeur in Strasbourg on 20 February 19861986 · Opio, Alpes-Maritimes, FranceColuche left 6.1 million francs of debt in 1986, his ex-wife refused the estate, and his sons spent 28 years suing over his sketchesMichel Colucci, known as Coluche, died at 41 on 19 June 1986 when his Honda motorcycle hit a truck on the road near Opio. A 2006 book alleges he was murdered, and the official finding was an accident.lefigaro.fr and 3 morePierre-Auguste Renoir: Pierre Auguste Renoir, uncropped image1973 · France; Arizona, USAA French court gave Renoir's assistant Richard Guino co-authorship of the Renoir sculptures in 1973; his heirs won a US infringement verdict against Renoir's great-grandson in 2008Pierre-Auguste Renoir was crippled by arthritis. The sculptures published under his name between 1913 and 1917 were made with Richard Guino, his assistant. Guino's son sued in 1965 for his father to be recognised as co-author.cases.justia.com and 3 moreIolani Palace, photograph by Frederick George Eyton-Walker, c. 18901917 · ʻIolani Palace, Honolulu, HawaiiHawaii's last queen was imprisoned in an upstairs bedroom of her own palace, and the building served as the capitol of the government that removed her until 1969King Kalākaua built ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu from 1879 to 1882 for more than $340,000.iolanipalace.org and 2 moreNational Palace, Addis Ababa, where the story took place1975 · Jubilee Palace, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaEthiopia's Derg said Haile Selassie died after prostate surgery, and his bones were found under his palace office 16 years laterEmperor Haile Selassie was deposed by the military committee known as the Derg on 12 September 1974 and held in the palace. On 23 November 1974 the Derg executed about 60 former officials without trial.Wikipedia (English) and 1 moreAI illustration: The palaces of Bhopal above the Upper Lake, 19601960 · Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, IndiaBhopal's heiress left for Pakistan, her sister's line took the palaces, and in 2025 a court reopened Saif Ali Khan's inheritanceHamidullah Khan was the last ruling Nawab of Bhopal. His eldest daughter and heir, Abida Sultan, moved to Pakistan; LiveLaw dates this to 1950 and Dawn dates her abdication to 1948. He died on 4 February 1960.LiveLaw and 4 moreFaisal of Saudi Arabia: King Faisal bin Abdulaziz (cropped)(b)1975 · Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSaudi King Faisal was shot by his nephew during an audience, and the nephew was beheaded in a Riyadh squareKing Faisal had ruled Saudi Arabia since 1964 and led the 1973 Arab oil embargo.Wikipedia (English) and 1 moreAI illustration: Soldiers storm the Lubiri palace walls in Mengo, Kampala, 19661969 · London, EnglandThe Kabaka of Buganda climbed his palace wall to escape the army, and died in a London flat three years laterSir Edward Mutesa II, Kabaka (king) of Buganda, was also the first President of Uganda from 1963. In 1966 Prime Minister Milton Obote suspended the constitution.Wikipedia (English) and 1 moreHenry VIII: Portrait of Henry VIII1547 · Palace of Whitehall, LondonHenry VIII's will was signed with a stamp, not his hand, and its validity was disputed for 20 yearsParliament's Third Succession Act of 1544 let Henry VIII settle the crown by will, but only by a will signed with his own hand.discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk and 3 moreWindow in the Roper Chapel of St. Dunstan's Church, Canterbury - geograph.org.uk - 3072341: Window in the Roper Chapel of St. Dunstan's Church, Canterbury1535 · Tower Hill, London; St Dunstan's Church, Canterbury, EnHenry VIII beheaded Thomas More and took the family's property, and his daughter bribed a man for his head, which a Canterbury parish voted in 2025 to dig upThomas More, Henry VIII's former Lord Chancellor, refused the oaths required by the Acts of Succession and Supremacy of 1534. He was convicted of treason and beheaded on 6 July 1535.canterbury-archaeology.org.uk and 4 moreAI illustration: Boats with lanterns search Lake Starnberg below Berg Castle for Ludwig II, 13 June 18861886 · Lake Starnberg, near Berg Castle, BavariaBavaria deposed Ludwig II as insane over his castle debts, he died in a lake the day after his arrest, and Neuschwanstein opened to paying visitors within weeksLudwig II became King of Bavaria in 1864. The foundation stone of Neuschwanstein was laid on 5 September 1869, and he moved in in 1884. It cost 6.2 million gold marks, nearly twice the estimate.neuschwanstein.de and 5 moreMap of Tonga, marked on the globe2012 · Hong Kong (Kingdom of Tonga)Tonga's constitution lets only children born in marriage inherit the throne or a noble estate, so King George Tupou V's daughter could not succeed himTonga's 1875 constitution says of the throne: "It shall be lawful only for those born in marriage to succeed." The same rule governs land. Under clause 104 the King may grant nobles hereditary estates, and land may not be sold.Wikisource (primary text) and 4 morePalden Thondup Namgyal: Palden Thondup Namgyal, 12th and last Chogyal (king) of Sikkim.1982 · Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA; GangtIndian troops disarmed Sikkim's palace guard in 1975; the last king died in New York, his heir died on a mountain road, and a federal committee was still deciding which palace property the family ownsPalden Thondup Namgyal was born in 1923, the second son of Sikkim's ruler.hcs.gov.in and 3 moreRumtek Monastery 01: Plaque of Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India1981 · Zion, Illinois, USA; Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, IndiaThe 16th Karmapa died in Illinois in 1981; two rival successors were enthroned, and the Black Crown he left at Rumtek has gone unused sinceThe 16th Karmapa, head of the Karma Kagyu school, left Tibet in 1959 with the Black Crown, the school's central relic, and placed it at his monastery at Rumtek in Sikkim.www2.kenyon.edu and 3 moreKoh-i-Noor: Replica of the Koh-i-Noor (cropped)1893 · Paris, FranceA 10-year-old Sikh maharaja signed away the Koh-i-Noor to Queen Victoria, and other countries still claim itDuleep Singh became ruler of the Sikh Empire at five in 1843, the youngest son of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who had owned the Koh-i-Noor diamond. After the Second Anglo-Sikh War, the East India Company annexed the Punjab.Wikipedia (English) and 2 moreReza Pahlavi: رضا پهلوی در گفتگو با سیامک دهقانپور از صدای آمریکا، تیر ۱۴۰۳ 02 (cropped)1944 · Johannesburg, South Africa; Cairo, Egypt; Rey (Tehran), IranRevolutionaries demolished Reza Shah's mausoleum in 1980 and could not find his body, and a mummified body turned up on the site in 2018Reza Shah ruled Iran from 1925. He became the richest man in the country through forced sales and confiscations of estates, and on abdication he reportedly left his heir about £3 million and more than 3 million acres.Encyclopaedia Britannica and 3 moreLouis XIV: French: Portrait de Louis XIV en costume de sacre Portrait of Louis XIVtitle QS:P1476,fr:"Portrait de Louis XIV en costu1715 · Palace of Versailles, FranceLouis XIV's will gave power to his illegitimate son, and the Paris Parlement annulled it the day after he diedLouis XIV outlived his son and grandson. His heir was his five-year-old great-grandson, Louis XV.Wikipedia (English) and 1 moreTereoboo, King of Owyhee, bringing presents to Captain Cook by John Webber: Kalaniopuu, King of Hawaii, bringing presents to Captain Cook. Shows a Hawaiian canoe with "crab-claw" a1782 · Hōnaunau, Kona, Hawaii, USAKalaniʻōpuʻu left Hawaiʻi Island to his son and the war god to his nephew Kamehameha, and the chiefs who got no land started the war that made Kamehameha kingAbraham Fornander, writing in 1880 from Hawaiian accounts, records that Kalaniʻōpuʻu, ruling chief of Hawaiʻi Island, called a council in Waipiʻo before he died.Internet Archive and 2 moreMap of New Zealand, marked on the globe2024 · Tūrangawaewae Marae, Ngāruawāhia, New ZealandThe Māori King's council passed over the son who had stood in for him and named his youngest child queen at his funeralThe Māori King movement installed Pōtatau Te Wherowhero as the first king in 1858. The role is not automatically inherited, but every monarch since has been a direct descendant of the one before.teaonews.co.nz and 2 moreCrown, Sword and Globus Cruciger of Hungary-edit: Espada, cetro, orbe y corona de San Esteban de Hungría1945 · Mattsee, Austria; Fort Knox, Kentucky, USA; Budapest, HungarHungary's crown guard handed the Holy Crown to the US Army in 1945, it sat in Fort Knox for 33 years, and Carter gave it to a communist governmentThe Holy Crown of St Stephen is the crown of the Hungarian kings. In 1945 the Hungarian Crown Guard took the regalia west to keep them from the Soviet army.history.state.gov and 3 moreLiliʻuokalani: Liliuokalani, c. 18911917 · Honolulu, Territory of HawaiiQueen Liliʻuokalani sued the United States for Hawaii's crown lands and lostLiliʻuokalani became Queen of Hawaii in 1891. On 17 January 1893 a group of American and European businessmen, backed by US Marines, overthrew her. She was arrested after a failed royalist uprising in 1895 and signed an abdication.Wikipedia (English) and 2 moreVon Dervis Mansion Exhibition 1902 - Third Imperial Egg magnified: The Third Imperial Fabergé Easter Egg displayed among Marie Feodorovna's Fabergé treasures in the Von Dervis Mans1917 · Moscow, Russia; New York, USA; London, UKThe Bolsheviks sold the tsars' Fabergé eggs abroad, and one sold in New York in 1964 as a gold watch turned up with a man who had bought it for scrapAt Easter 1887 Alexander III gave his wife, Maria Feodorovna, a gold egg made in Fabergé's workshop by August Holmström. Inside was a lady's watch by Vacheron Constantin. In the revolution the Bolsheviks confiscated it.vam.ac.uk and 3 moreGENERAL VIEW, ca. 1874 (Photocopy made in 1966 from original view in Hawaii State Archives) - Lunalilo's Tomb, Punchbowl: GENERAL VIEW, ca. 1874 (Photocopy made in 1966 from origin1874 · Honolulu, Hawaii, USATwo Hawaiian kings died without naming heirs, the 1874 election ended in a riot that killed a legislator, and King Lunalilo left his lands to a home for poor HawaiiansKamehameha V died on 11 December 1872 without naming a successor.blog.bishopmuseum.org and 3 moreBernice Pauahi Bishop: Bernice Pauahi Bishop, age twenty-three1884 · Honolulu, Kingdom of HawaiiThe last Kamehameha princess left her lands to a school, and a judge removed its trustees for self-dealing 115 years laterBernice Pauahi Bishop was the last direct descendant of Kamehameha I. She refused the throne when King Kamehameha V offered it to her in 1872.archives.starbulletin.com and 3 moreAlexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia: Peter the Great Interrogating the Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich at Peterhoflabel QS:Les,"Pedro el Grande interroga al zarév1718 · St Petersburg, RussiaPeter the Great had his son tortured to death, changed the law so he could pick any heir, and died without naming oneTsarevich Alexei, Peter the Great's son by his first wife, opposed his father's reforms and fled to Austrian protection in 1716. Peter's agents persuaded him to return in 1718 with a promise of pardon.Wikipedia (English) and 1 moreMap of Eswatini, marked on the globe1982 · Mbabane, EswatiniSwaziland's royal council deposed Queen Regent Dzeliwe in 1983 after Sobhuza II diedSobhuza II became king of the Swazi in December 1899 as an infant and was installed in December 1921. He reigned until his death in August 1982.d.lib.msu.edu and 6 moreAI illustration: The overgrown Tatoi Palace in the forest north of Athens2023 · Athens, GreeceGreece took its exiled king's palaces without payment, and the European Court ordered €13.7 million in compensationConstantine II became King of the Hellenes in 1964. After a failed counter-coup against the military junta in December 1967 he left for Rome.Wikipedia (English)Duchy of Lancaster offices 2020: The Duchy of Lancaster offices, at 1 Lancaster Place, Strand, London WC2, viewed from the Victoria Embankment. It flies the Duchy flag. The taller 2023 · County Palatine of Lancaster, EnglandPeople in the old county of Lancashire who die with no will and no kin leave their estates to the King, and the Guardian found the money refurbishing his rental propertyIn England and Wales the estate of someone who dies with no valid will and no heir under the intestacy rules goes to the Crown, usually through the Treasury Solicitor.theconversation.com and 2 moreMarienburg Castle (Hanover), where the story took place2020 · Schloss Marienburg, Pattensen, Lower SaxonyThe heir of the House of Hanover offered Marienburg Castle to the state for one euro, and his father sued him for gross ingratitudeKing George V of Hanover built Marienburg from 1858 to 1867 as a birthday present for Queen Marie. In 1866 Prussia annexed Hanover and the royal family left for Austria. The castle then stood mostly empty for almost 80 years.lto.de and 7 moreMichael I of Romania: Mihai2017 · Aubonne, SwitzerlandRomania's King Michael was forced to sign a pre-typed abdication, and his grandson was later struck from the successionMichael I was king of Romania twice and led the 1944 coup that took Romania out of its alliance with Germany.Wikipedia (English) and 1 moreSultan of Sulu with others LCCN2014685226 (cropped): Title: Sultan of Sulu with others Abstract/medium: 1 negative : glass ; 5 x 7 in. or smaller.2017 · Sabah, Malaysia; Madrid, Spain; Paris, FranceMalaysia stopped paying the Sulu sultan's heirs in 2013, and a Spanish arbitrator awarded them US$14.92 billionOn 22 January 1878 the Sultan of Sulu signed a grant to Baron de Overbeck and Alfred Dent over his lands on the mainland of Borneo, "for ever and in perpetuity", in return for 5,000 dollars a year to the sultan "his heirs or successors".sagc.sabah.gov.my and 7 moreAI illustration: The Royal Palace of Brussels2013 · Brussels, BelgiumA Belgian court ordered King Albert II to take a DNA test, and his secret daughter became a princess with inheritance rightsDelphine Boël, an artist born in 1968, is the daughter of Baroness Sybille de Sélys Longchamps. A 1999 biography reported that her father was Albert, then Prince of Liège. Albert became king in 1993 and denied paternity.Wikipedia (English) and 1 moreProcès-verbal for the recovery of the items the Bảo Đại Emperor gave to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam during his ab: A report about the recovery of the ceremonial sword and se1997 · Huế, Vietnam; Paris, FranceBảo Đại handed his gold seal to the revolution in 1945, sued his own son for it in France, and his widow's heirs sold it for 6.1 million eurosEmperor Minh Mạng had the seal Hoàng đế chi bảo cast in solid gold in 1823. It weighs 10.78 kg. On 30 August 1945 Bảo Đại read his abdication at Huế and handed the seal and a jewelled sword to the Viet Minh envoy Trần Huy Liệu.voatiengviet.com and 5 moreAlbert II of Monaco: Albert II - 08.06.2025 - Encontro com Sua Alteza o Príncipe de Mônaco, Alberto II (54574973880)1993 · MonacoAlbert II of Monaco acknowledged two children born outside marriage, and Monaco's constitution keeps both off the throneArticle 10 of Monaco's constitution gives the throne only to the prince's "direct and legitimate" descendants.legimonaco.mc and 2 moreAI illustration: A sealed case of royal jewels on a shelf in a Bank of Italy vault, Rome1983 · Geneva, SwitzerlandItaly's crown jewels have sat in a Bank of Italy vault since 1946, and a Rome court ruled in 2025 they belong to the stateUmberto II reigned for 34 days in 1946 before Italians voted for a republic.wantedinrome.com and 2 moreSaid bin Taimur in the United Kingdom - 1939: A picture of the 13th Sultan of Muscat and Oman, and the poet Hilal bin Badr (right) and Abd al-Mun'im al-Zawawi (left) before him1972 · Salalah, Oman; London, EnglandOman's sultan was counting his money when his son demanded his abdication in 1970; he fired a pistol, signed, and flew to London that nightSaid bin Taimur ruled Oman from 1932. He kept the country poor under an austerity programme and barred emigrants from coming home.meforum.org and 3 moreFarouk of Egypt: Farouk-King-1965 · Rome, ItalyKing Farouk left Egypt on his yacht, and one of his gold coins later sold for $18.9 millionKing Farouk abdicated on 26 July 1952 after the Free Officers' coup and sailed from Alexandria on the royal yacht Mahroussa. His infant son was named King Fuad II until Egypt became a republic in June 1953.Wikipedia (English) and 1 moreOrapa Diamond Mine, Botswana (ASTER): The Orapa diamond mine is the world's largest diamond mine by area. The mine is located in Botswana. It is the oldest of four mines operated b1980 · Serowe, BotswanaBritain barred Seretse Khama from his chieftaincy for marrying an Englishwoman, and as Botswana's president he signed his people's mining land over to the state without compensationSeretse Khama was born in Serowe on 1 July 1921, grandson of Kgosi Khama III. He was proclaimed kgosi of the Bamangwato in 1925, aged four, with his uncle Tshekedi Khama as regent.thuto.org and 3 moreMolière: French: Molière Molièretitle QS:P1476,fr:"Molière "label QS:Lfr,"Molière "label QS:Len,"Molière"1673 · Paris, FranceMolière died in 1673 after collapsing in his own play; priests refused him last rites, and Louis XIV allowed a night burialMolière collapsed during a performance of his play Le Malade imaginaire, first staged on 10 February 1673, and died a few hours later at home, aged 51. He died without receiving the last rites.Encyclopaedia Britannica and 2 moreHauser Kreul: Kaspar Hauser1833 · Ansbach, Bavaria, GermanyA rumour said Kaspar Hauser was the stolen heir to the throne of Baden; he was stabbed to death in 1833, and a 2024 DNA study ruled out the Baden lineKaspar Hauser is a claimed lost heir whose claim was never proven. On 26 May 1828 a teenager appeared in Nuremberg carrying two letters, later judged to be in one hand. He said he had grown up in a dungeon.bath.ac.uk and 2 moreHussein of Jordan: 16.09.1963. Le roi de Jordanie à Sud Aviation. (1963)1999 · Amman, JordanKing Hussein of Jordan removed his brother as heir after 34 years, two weeks before he diedPrince Hassan bin Talal was named crown prince of Jordan in 1965 and held the position for 34 years. In January 1999 King Hussein returned from cancer treatment at the Mayo Clinic.Wikipedia (English) and 1 moreGrand noeud de corsage de l'impératrice Eugénie - François Kramer - Musée du Louvre Objets d'art OA 12238: Grand noeud de corsage de l'impératrice Eugénie - François Kramer - Musée1661 · Musée du Louvre, Paris, FranceFrance sold its crown jewels in 1887 to stop a king returning; the Louvre bought one back for €6.72 million, and thieves took it in eight minutes in 2025Cardinal Mazarin died in 1661 and left 18 large diamonds to the French crown. In September 1792 thieves broke into the Garde-Meuble in Paris and took most of the crown jewels. Many were never recovered.gia.edu and 6 morePolish: Portret Henryka Benedykta Stuarta Portrait of Henry Benedict Stuarttitle QS:P1476,pl:"Portret Henryka Benedykta : Polish: Portret Henryka Benedykta Stuarta Portrait of Henr1807 · Frascati, Lazio, ItalyThe last Stuart heir lost his fortune to the French, lived on a pension from George III, and left the Stuart jewels to the Prince of WalesHenry Benedict Stuart, Cardinal York, was the grandson of the deposed King James II. When his brother Charles Edward died in 1788, he took the title Henry IX. He lost his French church incomes in the Revolution.col.rct.uk and 3 moreLouis XVII: Louis XVII title QS:P1476,en:"Louis XVII "label QS:Len,"Louis XVII "1795 · Temple prison, Paris, FranceA doctor stole the heart of the boy king Louis XVII, and DNA in 2000 ended 200 years of impostorsLouis-Charles, son of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, became Louis XVII to royalists when his father was executed in 1793. He was held alone in the Temple prison and died there on 8 June 1795, aged ten, of tuberculosis.Journal article (DOI) and 1 moreMenelik II: Emperor Menelik II photographed on the throne in coronation garb.1913 · Addis Ababa, EthiopiaMenelik II's death was kept secret in 1913, and his named heir Lij Iyasu was deposed in 1916 and died a prisonerEmperor Menelik II was incapacitated from 1910. His will, proclaimed in 1909, named his grandson Iyasu as heir, with Ras Tessema Nadew as regent. Menelik died on the night of 12 to 13 December 1913.Wikisource (primary text) and 7 moreGrave of Vlad III the Impaler: Interior view of the Snagov monastery, where Vlad III the Impaler is supposed to be graved. The monastery is located in an island of the Lake Snagov,1476 · Snagov and Comana, RomaniaVlad III Dracula's head was sent to the sultan, and the grave at Snagov opened in 1933 held no bodyVlad III, called Țepeș, the Impaler, spent part of his childhood as a hostage at the Ottoman court with the future Mehmed II.research.library.kutztown.edu and 5 moreChâteau de Chambord LCCN20176597811883 · Château de Chambord, Loir-et-Cher, FranceFrance seized Chambord in 1915 because its owner served Austria, while his half-brothers, who fought for the Allies, sued him for a bigger shareIn 1821 a national subscription bought Chambord for the infant Duke of Bordeaux, born months after his father, the Duc de Berry, was assassinated.chambord.org and 6 moreAI illustration: Huis Doorn, the Kaiser's house in exile in the Netherlands, 19411941 · Huis Doorn, NetherlandsThe Kaiser's heirs claimed thousands of artworks and compensation, dropped the suits over the Nazi question, and settled after 99 yearsKaiser Wilhelm II abdicated in November 1918 and went into exile at Doorn in the Netherlands. A 1926 agreement between the Prussian state and the Hohenzollerns divided the royal property.preussischer-kulturbesitz.de and 2 moreMap of United Kingdom, marked on the globe1941 · Bangkok, Thailand; Compton House, Wentworth, Surrey, EnglandThailand's finance ministry sued its abdicated king for 6.27 million baht in 1939 and won an order freezing everything he ownedPrajadhipok abdicated in England on 2 March 1935. On 17 July 1939 the Ministry of Finance sued him and Queen Rambai Barni in the Civil Court in Bangkok.th.wikisource.org and 4 moreBran Castle TB1: Bran Castle, Bran, Brasov, Transylvania, Romania.mw-parser-output .monument-istoric{width:400px;max-width:100%;margin:1px;padding:2px;background-color:#800000;colo1938 · Bran, Brașov County, RomaniaBrașov gave Bran Castle to Queen Marie in 1920, her daughter lost it in 1948, and Romania returned it to her grandchildren's generation in 2006On 1 December 1920 the city council of Brașov voted unanimously to give Bran Castle to Queen Marie of Romania. She made it her favourite home. Her daughter, Princess Ileana, received the castle by her will.bran-castle.com and 5 moreAntónio de Oliveira Salazar: António de Oliveira Salazar portrait (by Manuel Alves San Payo) – Lisboa1932 · Fulwell Park, Twickenham, EnglandPortugal's last king left his collections to the nation, and Salazar's government put the whole Bragança estate into a state foundation over the claimant's protestManuel II became King of Portugal at 18, after his father and elder brother were shot in Lisbon on 1 February 1908. The republic deposed him in 1910, and he lived in exile at Fulwell Park in Twickenham.files.diariodarepublica.pt and 4 moreMaria Pavlovna of Russia in tiara: Maria Pavlovna of Russia1920 · Petrograd (Saint Petersburg), Russia; Moscow, Russia; LondonThe Soviet state sold the Romanov jewels by the kilogram in 1926, while a British antiquarian helped a grand duchess get her jewels out and her daughter sold the tiara to Queen MaryIn 1874 Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich, brother of the future Alexander III, gave his bride a tiara made by the court jeweller Carl Edvard Bolin. It became known as the Vladimir Tiara.Internet Archive and 2 moreLeopold II of Belgium: Leopold II, King of the Belgians by Alexander Bassano (1889)1909 · Laeken, BelgiumLeopold II owned the Congo personally, married his 26-year-old mistress five days before he died, and his daughters sued for the moneyFrom 1885 to 1908 King Leopold II ruled the Congo Free State as his own property. Forced labour for rubber caused millions of deaths. Under international pressure Belgium annexed the territory in 1908.Wikipedia (English) and 2 moreCakobau with son and heir, 1861: Seated portrait of Thakombau, king of the Fijian group and his son (possibly Ratu Epeli Nailatikau). When the British HMS Pelorus was in Fiji in 181989 · Bau Island, FijiThe Vunivalu of Bau title stood empty for 34 years after 1989 because Cakobau's clan could not agree on an heirOn Bau, the Roko Tui Bau were the sacred chiefs and the Vunivalu, "Root of War", were the war and executive chiefs. The Vunivalu Naulivou used musket-armed European beachcombers to extend Bau's power before he died in 1829.fijivillage.com and 2 moreFlorentine Diamond aigrette: Florentine Diamond as cap decoration. This foto was made between 1870 and 1900.1737 · Florence, Italy; Vienna, Austria; Quebec, CanadaThe last Medici left the Florentine Diamond to Tuscany, the Habsburgs took it to Vienna, and it surfaced in a Quebec bank vault in 2025The Florentine Diamond is a yellow stone of about 137 carats. The traveller Tavernier saw it among the Medici jewels in 1657.theglobeandmail.com and 4 moreEdward IV: Edward IV Plantagenet1483 · Tower of London, EnglandParliament declared Edward IV's sons illegitimate, they vanished in the Tower, and two child skeletons found in 1674 have never been DNA-testedEdward IV died on 9 April 1483. His son Edward V was 12 and his younger son Richard, duke of York, was 9. Their uncle Richard, duke of Gloucester, lodged them in the Tower ahead of the coronation. The coronation was postponed.westminster-abbey.org and 3 moreAI illustration: Alton Towers, Staffordshire, in the 1850s1856 · Alton Towers, StaffordshireThe 17th Earl of Shrewsbury left his estates to the Duke of Norfolk's baby son; a distant cousin won the earldom and Alton TowersBertram Talbot, 17th Earl of Shrewsbury, was a Catholic. He died unmarried on 10 August 1856, aged 23. He believed the earldom died with him.UK Parliament, Hansard and 6 moreMisión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto - Baja California Sur (14563317428): Loreto, Mexico 2014 Legend and history confirms that Father Juan Maria de Salvatierra with very few resource1842 · Mexico City, Mexico; California, USA; The Hague, NetherlandsMexico seized the Jesuit mission fund for California in 1842, and the claim ran 125 years through the first case at The HagueIn 1697 donors in Mexico began giving money and land to the Jesuits to support missions in California. Spain allowed it on condition that the royal treasury paid nothing.history.state.gov and 3 moreBoki and Liliha, printed by C. Hullmandel; drawn on stone from the original painting by John Hayter, London, 1824: Na Poki, Prime Minister of the Sandwich Islands (actually Governo1830 · Honolulu, Oʻahu, Hawaii, USA; Erromango, VanuatuHawaiʻi's young king inherited the chiefs' sandalwood debt, and the governor who sailed to cut more sandalwood never came backKamehameha I held a monopoly on Hawaiʻi's sandalwood trade. After he died in 1819, his son Liholiho let the chiefs take a larger share. The chiefs bought goods from American traders on credit, promising payment in sandalwood.manoa.hawaii.edu and 3 moreIvan VI of Russia: Ivan VI Antonovich (Oranienbaum)1774 · Kholmogory, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia; Horsens, DenmarkIvan VI's brothers and sisters were born in prison, held at Kholmogory for 36 years, and sent to Denmark in 1780 on a Russian pensionWhen Elizabeth seized the throne in December 1741, she arrested the infant emperor Ivan VI with his parents, the regent Anna Leopoldovna and Duke Anton Ulrich of Brunswick, and their baby daughter Ekaterina.ru.wikisource.org and 4 moreEleanor of Aquitaine: Church of Fontevraud Abbey Eleanor of Aquitaine effigy1137 · Bordeaux, FranceEleanor inherited Aquitaine at about 13, took it back when France annulled her marriage, and married the future king of England eight weeks laterWilliam X, duke of Aquitaine, died on Good Friday, 9 April 1137, on pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela. His eldest daughter Eleanor, about 13, inherited Aquitaine and Poitou.fontevraud.fr and 2 moreMehmed II: The Sultan Mehmet II title QS:P1476,en:"The Sultan Mehmet II "label QS:Len,"The Sultan Mehmet II "label QS:Lit,"Ritratto1495 · Castel Capuana, Naples, Italy; buried Bursa, TurkeyMehmed II's younger son lost the throne to his brother and spent 13 years as a paid captive of the Knights of Rhodes, the Pope and the King of FranceCem, born in 1459, was the third son of Mehmed the Conqueror. When Mehmed died in 1481, Cem said his father had chosen him and that his elder brother Bayezid II had taken the throne unjustly.Encyclopaedia Britannica and 2 moreJakob Fugger: Portrait of Jakob Fugger, (1459-1525)1525 · AugsburgJakob Fugger paid for Charles V's election, and his heirs lost much of the fortune when the Spanish crown stopped payingJakob Fugger of Augsburg built a fortune in mining, trade and lending. In 1519 Charles of Habsburg needed money to buy the votes of the prince-electors. About 850,000 guilders went to the electors.Encyclopaedia Britannica and 7 moreMuhammad V of Kelantan: Sultan Muhammad V dari Kelantan pada tahun 20132019 · Kota Bharu, Kelantan, MalaysiaKelantan's council made the sultan's son sultan while the father lay ill, and the father asked the Federal Court to give his throne backSultan Ismail Petra had ruled Kelantan since 1979. He suffered a stroke in May 2009. On 24 May 2009 his eldest son, Tengku Muhammad Faris Petra, was appointed regent.Internet Archive and 5 moreAI illustration: Soldiers blast open the Qing imperial tombs at the Eastern Qing Tombs, 19281967 · Beijing, ChinaChina's last emperor kept his title and palace after abdicating, and soldiers blew open his ancestors' tombsPuyi became emperor at two in 1908. On 12 February 1912 the Empress Dowager Longyu signed his abdication.Wikipedia (English) and 2 moreIvan III of Russia: Ivan III of Russia 31509 · Moscow, RussiaIvan III crowned his grandson Dmitry as heir in 1498, then made his son Vasily heir and kept the grandson under guard until he died in 1509Ivan III's eldest son, Ivan the Young, married Elena, daughter of Stephen the Great of Moldavia, on 12 January 1483. Their son Dmitry was born that October.azbyka.ru and 2 moreEmpress Dowager Cixi: The Ci-Xi Imperial Dowager Empress (9.2)1875 · Beijing and Jizhou (Tianjin), ChinaCixi made her sister's son emperor, an official killed himself to object to the adoption, and the emperor died of arsenic in 1908The Tongzhi Emperor died in the twelfth month of the lunar year in early 1875 with no son. The empresses dowager Ci'an and Cixi chose Zaitian, aged three, son of Prince Chun and of Cixi's younger sister.zh.wikisource.org and 4 moreIsabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil: Isabel, Princesa do Brasil, 1846-1921 (cropped)1921 · Rio de Janeiro, BrazilPrincess Isabel sued Brazil for her Rio palace in 1895, and her heirs lost the case 125 years laterThe Guanabara Palace in Rio de Janeiro was begun in 1853 by the Portuguese merchant José Machado Coelho.jota.info and 4 moreGlamis Castle - geograph.org.uk - 637303: Glamis Castle1537 · Castle Hill, Edinburgh; Glamis Castle, Angus, ScotlandJames V burned Lady Glamis in 1537, took Glamis Castle and its silver, and the legend says she still kneels in the chapelKind 1 and kind 2. Janet Douglas was the widow of John Lyon, 6th Lord Glamis, who died in 1528, and the sister of the Earl of Angus, whom James V had driven out of Scotland. In 1532 she was indicted for poisoning her late husband.Internet Archive and 4 moreThe Throne of Kandyan Kings: The Throne of Kandyan Era Sri Lankan Kings.1832 · Kandy, Sri Lanka; Vellore Fort, Tamil Nadu, India; Windsor CThe British deposed the last king of Kandy, barred his family from the throne forever, and kept his throne at Windsor until 1934Kannasamy, a prince of the Nayak line, was crowned king of Kandy in 1798 as Sri Vikrama Rajasinha. The chief minister Pilimatalawe chose him over the rival claimant Muthuswamy.sundaytimes.lk and 4 moreMap of Mexico, marked on the globe1560 · Xilotepec (Jilotepec), State of Mexico, MexicoMalinche's daughter sued her father's widow for the encomienda of Xilotepec, citing her mother's service to the Crown in the conquestMalinche, whom the Spaniards called Doña Marina, was an Indigenous woman given to Hernán Cortés in 1519 who became his interpreter through the conquest of Tenochtitlan.cambridge.org and 2 moreTomb Aurangzeb: Aurangazeb's tomb in Khuldabad1707 · Khuldabad, near Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India; battle at JaAurangzeb was buried under a plain stone as he willed, and his sons fought for the throne; one said "a throne or a bier"Aurangzeb ruled from 1658 and died on a Friday, 3 March 1707, at Bhingar in the Deccan, aged 88. His son Muhammad A'zam arrived the next day.Internet Archive and 1 moreCOLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Susuhunan van Surakarta Pakoe Boewono X met echtgenote TMnr 60003511: Foto. Susuhunan van Surakarta, Pakoe Boewono X met echtgenote2025 · Kasunanan Palace, Surakarta (Solo), Central Java, IndonesiaTwo half-brothers were each crowned Pakubuwono XIII in 2004, and in 2025 two of the next king's sons each took the title Pakubuwono XIVPakubuwono XII of Surakarta died in June 2004 without a formally appointed queen consort, so no son was clearly heir. On 31 August 2004 senior relatives enthroned his son Tedjowulan as Pakubuwono XIII.thejakartapost.com and 8 moreAI illustration: The Constitutional Court of South Africa in Johannesburg2021 · Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South AfricaThe Zulu king's widow challenged his will as forged, and his successor's recognition went to South Africa's highest courtKing Goodwill Zwelithini ruled the Zulu nation for 50 years, had six wives and was sole trustee of the Ingonyama Trust, which holds about 2.8 million hectares of KwaZulu-Natal. He died on 12 March 2021.mg.co.za and 2 moreAI illustration: A sealed envelope on a table in a palace hall in Muscat, 20202020 · Muscat, OmanOman's sultan died childless, and his successor's name was read from a sealed envelopeSultan Qaboos bin Said took power in 1970 by deposing his father and ruled Oman for nearly 50 years. A brief marriage in the 1970s produced no children, and he never named an heir in public.Wikipedia (English) and 1 moreSursock Palace main hall after explosion: Second hall of the Sursock Palace, emptied of most furnishings after the 2020 Beirut port explosion. Statue depicts the Allegory of the Ni2020 · Achrafieh, Beirut, LebanonOne Sursock left his Beirut villa to the city as a museum; another Sursock palace passed to a single heiress; the 2020 port blast hit both, and she died of her injuriesMoussa and Anastasia Sursock built their palace in Beirut in 1860 with the Balyan family of architects, who also worked for the Ottoman sultans.sursock.museum and 3 moreAI illustration: The Grand Palace in Bangkok2016 · Bangkok, ThailandThailand's new king changed the law to put the Crown Property Bureau's billions in his own nameFor 80 years the Crown Property Bureau managed the Thai crown's land and shares, including large stakes in Siam Commercial Bank and Siam Cement, under a board chaired by the finance minister.Reuters and 2 moreSheikh Hamad bin Khalifa bin Ahmed Al Thani: Qatar Football Association President Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa bin Ahmed Al Thani during the season opening ceremony of the Qatar Stars 2016 · Doha, QatarQatar's emir took power from his cousin in 1972; in 1995 his son took it from him and froze his bank accounts abroadIn 1971 Qatar's ruler, Ahmad bin Ali, reportedly took about a quarter of the country's oil income, and the wider Al Thani family a third to a half.archives.mees.com and 7 moreJogja - Kraton Yogyakarta - Donopratono gate (2025) - img 02: Donopratono Gate, Kraton Yogyakarta2015 · Kraton Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, IndonesiaYogyakarta's sultan has five daughters and no son, and all 11 of his younger brothers opposed him when he raised the eldest toward the throneSultan Hamengkubuwono X has ruled Yogyakarta since 1989. By Javanese custom the throne passes to the eldest son. He has five daughters. Under a 2012 law the sultan is also governor of the province for five-year terms.newmandala.org and 3 moreDhayah Fort, Ras Al Khaimah: A conical shaped hill at the edge of the palm gardens and at the foot of the mountains, served as a natural defense post for the oasis. People have use2010 · Ras al-Khaimah, United Arab EmiratesRas al-Khaimah's ruler removed his eldest son as heir after four decades; when the ruler died in 2010 the son came home to claim the throne and his guards were arrestedSaqr bin Mohammed took power in Ras al-Khaimah in 1948 in a bloodless palace coup against his uncle. His eldest son, Khalid, was crown prince for more than four decades.washingtoninstitute.org and 3 moreYi Gu: Yi Gu ( 1931~2005) as a young boy in Japan.2005 · Akasaka Prince Hotel, Tokyo, Japan; Seoul and Namyangju, SouThe last Korean imperial heir divorced his American wife after relatives pressed for a son, died in the Tokyo building where he was born, and was given an adopted son after his deathYi Gu was born in Tokyo in 1931, son of Crown Prince Yi Un and Yi Bangja, a Japanese princess, and grandson of Emperor Gojong. He studied architecture in the United States and worked in New York for I. M. Pei's firm.donga.com and 3 moreNarayanhiti Palace Museum, where the story took place2001 · Narayanhiti Palace, Kathmandu, NepalNepal's crown prince shot dead the king, the queen and seven relatives, and was king for three days while in a comaOn 1 June 2001, at a Friday family dinner in the Tribhuvan Sadan wing of Narayanhiti Palace, Crown Prince Dipendra opened fire with automatic weapons.BBC News and 3 moreTzaneen tea plants: Tea plantation in Tzaneen, South Africa. August 2003.2001 · Nwamitwa, near Tzaneen, Limpopo, South AfricaSouth Africa's Constitutional Court upheld the Valoyi community's choice of Tinyiko Shilubana as its first woman Hosi in 2008Hosi Fofoza Nwamitwa, chief of the Valoyi traditional community in Limpopo, died on 24 February 1968 without a son.collections.concourt.org.za and 4 moreKoning Moshoeshoe van Lesotho vertrekt van Schiphol, Bestanddeelnr 924-0658: Collectie / Archief : Fotocollectie Anefo Reportage / Serie : [ onbekend ] Beschrijving : Koning Moshoe1996 · Maseru, LesothoLesotho's military ruler exiled King Moshoeshoe II and put his son on the throne, the son handed it back in 1995, and the father died in a car crash a year laterConstantine Bereng Seeiso was born on 2 May 1938. On 12 March 1960 he was installed as Paramount Chief of Basutoland as Moshoeshoe II, and at independence in 1966 he became king.sahistory.org.za and 2 moreMap of Lesotho, marked on the globe1996 · Ha Mamathe, Berea District, LesothoA Lesotho chief's eldest daughter sued to inherit his chieftainship, and the courts kept it in the male lineDavid Masupha, a descendant of King Moshoeshoe I, was principal chief of Ha Mamathe and surrounding villages. He died in 1996. Lesotho's Chieftainship Act of 1968 provides only for male succession.Cornell Law School, LII and 2 moreMalcha Mahal: Malcha Mahal1993 · Malcha Mahal, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, IndiaA woman claiming to be heir of the kings of Awadh lived nine years in a Delhi railway station and won a palace; she was the widow of a university registrarIn the 1970s a woman calling herself Begum Wilayat Mahal camped in the first-class waiting room of New Delhi railway station with her children.tribuneindia.com and 4 moreStamp of Abu Dhabi - 1964 - Colnect 197383 - Sheikh Shakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahyan: Perforation varieties · Perf 13 x 13½ (Mi 3C, Sn 3a, Sg 3a): See variants · Overprints · "20 Fils1989 · Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesThree Abu Dhabi rulers were killed in family feuds in six years; the survivors swore to their mother never to do it again, and in 1966 one brother removed another without bloodshedIn 1922 Sultan bin Zayed murdered his brother Hamdan, the ruler, and found the treasury almost empty. In 1926 another brother, Saqr, shot Sultan after a family dinner. In 1928 Saqr was hunted down and killed.christopherdavidson.net and 4 moreEmperor Showa: Emperor Showa, 1st Guard Infantry Regiment1989 · Fukiage Palace, Tokyo, JapanJapan's imperial family paid 3.3 billion yen in property tax in 1947, and in 1989 the new emperor paid 428 million yen in inheritance tax while the regalia passed tax-freeIn October 1945 the Imperial Household Ministry reported the imperial family's property, excluding art, jewels and gold, at 1.59 billion yen in cash, securities, land, buildings and timber.kokushikan.repo.nii.ac.jp and 2 moreAI illustration: 650 Fifth Avenue, the New York tower built by the Pahlavi Foundation1980 · Cairo, EgyptIran sued the exiled Shah in New York for billions, lost, and the tower his foundation built ended up paying terror victims $318 millionMohammad Reza Pahlavi left Iran on 16 January 1979 and died in Cairo in July 1980.jta.org and 2 moreAl-Rehab Palace, where the story took place1958 · Rihab Palace, Baghdad, IraqIraq's 23-year-old king and his family were shot in the palace courtyard, and the regent's body was dragged through BaghdadFaisal II became King of Iraq at three, after his father King Ghazi died in a car crash in 1939. His uncle Abd al-Ilah ruled as regent until 1953. In July 1958 Faisal was 23 and engaged to an Egyptian princess.Wikipedia (English) and 2 moreAureus Didius Iulianus: Didius Julianus, 193, Aureus, Rome, AV 7.25 g. IMP CAES M DID – IVLIAN AVG Laureate head r. Rev. RECTOR – ORBIS Julianus standing l., holding globe and roll193 · Rome, ItalyThe Praetorian Guard sold the Roman Empire to Didius Julianus for 25,000 sesterces a soldier, and he lasted 66 daysThe emperor Pertinax had divided his own property among his children and placed them with their grandfather rather than raise them in the palace. On 28 March 193 the Praetorian Guard murdered him.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 2 moreBurkhan Khaldun mount3: Burkhan Khaldun mount1227 · Burkhan Khaldun, Khentii Mountains, Mongolia (reputed burialGenghis Khan's sons fought over the eldest son's birth before he named a successor, and his grave was never recordedThe Secret History of the Mongols records that before his war against the Khwarazm Shah, Genghis Khan's wife Yesui asked which of his four sons would rule if he died. He asked his eldest, Jochi, to speak.zh.wikisource.org and 5 moreRudolf, Crown Prince of Austria: Rudolf Crown Prince of Austria LOC1889 · Mayerling hunting lodge, Lower AustriaAustria's crown prince shot his 17-year-old lover and himself at Mayerling, and the throne passed to the man killed at SarajevoCrown Prince Rudolf, 30, only son of Emperor Franz Joseph, was found dead at his hunting lodge beside Baroness Mary Vetsera, 17. Rudolf had shot her and then himself. The court first announced heart failure.Wikipedia (English) and 1 moreOlivia Serres: Engraving of Olivia Serres1834 · LondonA house painter's daughter claimed to be a royal princess, and a jury ruled her proofs forged in 1866 without hearing the Crown's full replyOlivia Wilmot was born in Warwick on 3 April 1772, the daughter of a house painter. She married the marine painter John Thomas Serres in 1791 and separated from him in 1804.Wikisource (primary text) and 2 morePedro V of Portugal: Pedro V, King of Portugal1834 · Porto, PortugalPedro I left his heart to Porto, the city council and a church brotherhood fought over where to keep it, and Brazil borrowed it in 2022Pedro declared Brazil independent in 1822 and became its emperor. He abdicated in 1831 and returned to Portugal.repositorio-aberto.up.pt and 3 moreThe Soviet Union 1971 CPA 4069 stamp (Shah Diamond, 16th Century): USSR stamp: The Shah Diamond, 16th Century. Series: Diamond Fund1829 · Tehran, Iran; St Petersburg and Moscow, RussiaA Tehran mob killed Russia's envoy in 1829, and the Shah paid for it with a diamond carved with the names of three kingsThe Shah Diamond weighs 88.7 carats.gemdat.org and 3 moreAlexander III of Russia: Tsar Alexander III c. 18851825 · Taganrog, Russia; crisis in Saint Petersburg, RussiaAlexander I sealed his brother's renunciation of the throne in envelopes, Russia swore allegiance to the wrong heir, and the guards revoltedUnder Paul I's succession law, the heir after Alexander I was his next brother, Grand Duke Constantine, who commanded the army in Poland.ru.wikisource.org and 4 moreArrest of the Queen of Georgia (Geoffroy, 1845)-1: Arrest of Maria, Queen of Georgia, in 1801 (Geoffroy, 1845)1800 · Tbilisi, GeorgiaGeorgia's last king asked Russia for protection, Russia abolished his dynasty, and his heirs were suing each other over the royal name in 2019In September 1799 King George XII of Kartli-Kakheti asked Emperor Paul I to take his kingdom under Russian protection. He hoped to keep his royal rank and reign as his ancestors had. George died in 1800.acgs.ug.edu.ge and 5 moreCoronation Chair and Stone of Scone: The Stone of Scone in the Coronation Chair at Westminster Abbey. No attribution was published in the source or any other book known to contain 1296 · Scone, Perthshire, Scotland; Westminster Abbey, London, EnglEdward I took Scotland's coronation stone in 1296; four students took it back on Christmas Day 1950 and broke it in twoScottish kings were inaugurated on the Stone of Destiny at Scone. In 1296 Edward I of England invaded Scotland and took the stone to Westminster Abbey as spoils of war.perthmuseum.co.uk and 4 morePalais-des-Papes-Avignon-June-2012: View of the Palais des Papes in Avignon, France in June 20121343 · Avignon, France; Naples and Aversa, ItalyKing Robert's will left Naples to Joanna, her husband was strangled, and she sold the city of Avignon to the pope while the murder was examinedRobert of Anjou, king of Naples and count of Provence, signed his will on 16 January 1343 and died on 20 January.Treccani and 3 moreHernando de Soto: De Soto by Telfer & Sartain1542 · Guachoya, on the Mississippi RiverDe Soto's body was sunk in the Mississippi, and his widow governed Cuba and fought his business partner over the estate until 1546 to 1550Hernando de Soto returned from Peru in 1536 with about 18,000 ounces of gold. Charles V made him Adelantado of Florida and Governor of Cuba.revistascientificas.us.es and 3 moreReliquary of the Crown of Thorns Notre-Dame NDP68 Cat95: Reliquary of the Crown of Thorns Notre-Dame NDP68 Cat951238 · Constantinople; Venice, Italy; Paris, FranceA bankrupt emperor of Constantinople pawned the Crown of Thorns to Venetian lenders, and a fire chaplain carried it out of burning Notre-DameTradition holds that a crown kept in Constantinople was the crown of thorns placed on Jesus. After the Fourth Crusade the city was ruled by Latin emperors.newadvent.org and 4 moreTewodros II: Téwodros II - 21868 · Maqdala, Amhara Region, EthiopiaTewodros II shot himself at Maqdala in 1868, Britain auctioned his treasury and took his son, and in 2023 Buckingham Palace refused to return the son's remainsIn April 1868 a British army stormed Maqdala, the mountain fortress of Emperor Tewodros II. As the troops advanced, he shot himself with pistols that Queen Victoria had given him.archive.archaeology.org and 8 moreEmily Ruete (Sayyida Salme), Princess of Zanzibar: Portrait of Emily Ruete (Sayyida Salme) in traditional dress as a Princess of Zanzibar.1856 · At sea between Oman and Zanzibar; buried at Zanzibar, TanzanSayyid Said died at sea in 1856, his sons split Oman and Zanzibar, and his daughter Salme was refused her inheritanceSayyid Said bin Sultan ruled Oman and Zanzibar and had 36 children. He died at sea on the passage from Oman to Zanzibar in October 1856.Wikisource (primary text) and 6 moreTheodoric the Great: Teodorico re dei Goti (493-526)524 · Pavia (the Calventian estate), ItalyTheodoric had Boethius clubbed to death and seized his estates, and the king's daughter gave them back to his sonsBoethius came from the Anicii, one of Rome's leading families. He was raised by the senator Symmachus and married his daughter, Rusticiana. He was consul in 510.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 3 moreTipu's Tiger front view 2006AH4173: Tippoo's Tiger1799 · Seringapatam (Srirangapatna), Karnataka, IndiaThe British army broke up Tipu Sultan's gold throne to divide as prize money; his sword sold for £14 million in 2023 while descendants pulled rickshawsOn 4 May 1799 the East India Company's army stormed Seringapatam. Tipu Sultan was killed, and his body was found near the Water Gate.nam.ac.uk and 6 moreRichard III of England: Richard III portrait1485 · Bosworth Field, Leicestershire, EnglandRichard III's bones were found under a car park, and his distant relatives sued the government over where to bury himRichard III was killed at Bosworth in 1485, the last English king to die in battle, and buried in the Greyfriars church in Leicester. The church was demolished after the Reformation.le.ac.uk and 1 moreBruges. Eglise Notre-Dame. Tombeau de Marie de Bourgogne (1495) - Brugge. O.-L.-Vrouwkerk. Graf van Maria van Bourgondië: TitleBruges. Eglise Notre-Dame. Tombeau de Marie de Bourgo1477 · Ghent and Bruges, BelgiumCharles the Bold died at Nancy, the King of France seized Burgundy from his 19-year-old heiress, and her marriage gave the Netherlands to the HabsburgsCharles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, was killed at the battle of Nancy on 5 January 1477. His only child, Mary, born 13 February 1457, inherited his lands. Louis XI of France seized the duchy of Burgundy and other territories.deutsche-biographie.de and 2 moreYahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din: Drawing showing Imam Yahya of Yemen (Yahya Muhammad Hamidaddin, 1869–1948), who succeeded his father as imam in 1904, on the frontispiece page of Ameen1948 · near Sanaa, YemenYemen's Imam Yahya groomed his son to inherit an office meant to go to the most able; rebels killed him in 1948, and the tribes that won the throne back for the son looted SanaaYahya ruled Yemen as Zaydi imam from 1904. Zaydi doctrine says the imamate goes to the most capable candidate, not the eldest son.gulfnews.com and 3 more5th Reting Rinpoche in his tent: Jamphel Yeshe Gyaltsen, the 5th Reting Rinpoche in his tent.1947 · Potala Palace, Lhasa, Tibet, ChinaThe regent who found the 14th Dalai Lama handed power to a rival in 1941, was arrested for plotting to take it back, and died in a Potala cellThupten Jampel Yeshe Gyaltsen, the fifth Reting Rinpoche, was born about 1911 to a poor family and studied at Sera Monastery. After the 13th Dalai Lama died, he was appointed regent in 1934.tibet.prm.ox.ac.uk and 2 moreGrand Palace, where the story took place1946 · Boromphiman Throne Hall, Grand Palace, Bangkok, ThailandThailand's 20-year-old king was found shot in his bed, and three palace servants were executed nine years laterKing Ananda Mahidol, 20, had returned from Switzerland in December 1945 and was due to go back to his studies. On the morning of 9 June 1946 he was found in bed with a bullet wound to the forehead and his pistol beside him.Wikipedia (English)Throne of Mir Sayyid Alim Khan: 1911-19201944 · Qalai Fatu, near Kabul, AfghanistanThe last emir of Bukhara fled across a river on a raft in 1920 and left three sons behind; two were shot and the third publicly renounced himAlim Khan ruled the emirate of Bukhara from 1911. The Red Army took Bukhara in September 1920. Before he fled, he ordered the harem in the Ark citadel blown up; it is unclear whether the women were still inside.peripheralhistories.co.uk and 2 moreVajiravudh: Vajiravudh of Siam (cropped)1925 · Grand Palace, Bangkok, ThailandSiam's 1924 succession law barred princesses, so King Vajiravudh's only child, born as he lay dying, could not inherit his throneKing Vajiravudh issued the Palace Law on Succession, published in the Royal Gazette on 12 November 1924.Internet Archive and 5 moreThibaw Min: Thibaw Min1916 · Mandalay, Myanmar; Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, IndiaKing Thibaw handed Burma's crown jewels to a British colonel in 1885, and the Nga Mauk ruby was never seen againThibaw became king of Burma in 1878 on the death of his father, Mindon. Early in 1879 he had a number of members of the royal family put to death; later accounts put the dead at 80 to 100.Internet Archive and 8 moreNader Shah: Contemporary portrait of Nader Shah. Artist unknown, created in ca. 1740 in Iran (cropped)1747 · Mashhad and Tehran, IranNader Shah's Indian jewels cost his blind grandson his life under torture, and a deposed shah took them into the Russian legationIn 1739 Nader Shah defeated the Mughal emperor and took Delhi. The Abbé de Claustre wrote that 5,000 chests were filled with gold rupees and 8,000 with silver, besides chests of diamonds and pearls.iranicaonline.org and 2 moreRemains of Wigmore Abbey - geograph.org.uk - 700446: Remains of Wigmore Abbey1330 · Tyburn, London; Wigmore, Herefordshire, EnglandEdward III hanged Roger Mortimer without a trial and took his lands, and Mortimer's grandson won them back in 1354Roger Mortimer and Queen Isabella removed Edward II and ruled for the boy king Edward III. In October 1330 Edward's men seized Mortimer at Nottingham Castle.Wikisource (primary text) and 2 moreMansa Musa: Detail from the Catalan Atlas Sheet 6 showing Mansa Musa1324 · Mali Empire (modern Mali and Guinea)Mansa Musa said he took Mali's throne because his predecessor sailed into the Atlantic and never came backIn 1324 Mansa Musa of Mali stopped in Cairo on pilgrimage. He told the governor Ibn Amir Hajib how he came to power, and the scholar al-Umari recorded it.cambridge.org and 6 morePalace of Heavenly Purity (20220218132818): Qianqing Palace, where the famous "Zheng Da Guang Ming" plaque is located.1722 · Changchun Garden and the Palace of Heavenly Purity, Beijing,The Kangxi Emperor deposed his heir twice, and the son who followed him hid the next heir's name behind a palace plaqueIn the ninth month of 1708 the Kangxi Emperor announced the crimes of his crown prince, Yinreng, had him seized and deposed him. He restored him, and in 1712 deposed him again and confined him in the Xian'an Palace.zh.wikisource.org and 4 moreBronzePlaque-EdictOfSecondEmperor-Qin-ROM-May8-08: Small bronze plaque containing an edict from the second emperor of the Qin dynasty. 209 BC. Cat # 931.13.195 Bishop C. White Coll210 BCE · Shaqiu (Guangzong, Hebei), ChinaThe Shiji says the First Emperor's chancellor and his seal-keeper forged his last letter, and his eldest son killed himself on the forged orderThe Shiji, completed by Sima Qian about a century later, gives this account. The First Emperor had more than 20 sons. His eldest, Fusu, had criticised him and was sent north to the army of the general Meng Tian.zh.wikisource.org and 4 moreLouis the Pious: Ludwik I Pobożny840 · Verdun, FranceLouis the Pious's sons deposed him twice and fought a battle at Fontenoy, and the Treaty of Verdun split the empire into the lands that became France and GermanyIn 817 Louis the Pious issued the Ordinatio Imperii at Aachen. It made his eldest son Lothar co-emperor and heir to the empire. His sons Pepin and Louis got subordinate kingdoms and could not make war or peace without Lothar.sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu and 5 moreIsma'il Pasha: Portrait of Isma'il Pasha (1830–1895), Khedive of Egypt.1863 · Cairo, EgyptKhedive Ismail sold Egypt's Suez Canal shares to Britain for £4 million in 1875, and the Ottoman sultan deposed him four years laterIsmail succeeded his uncle Said as ruler of Egypt in 1863 and inherited his public and private debts.legislation.gov.uk and 3 moreHernán Cortés1547 · Castilleja de la Cuesta, SevilleCortés's heir was tried for treason, Mexico seized and sold the estate, and Lucas Alamán hid his bones from 1823 to 1946A royal cédula of 6 July 1529 made Hernán Cortés Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca. The grant gave him civil and criminal jurisdiction over about 23,000 vassals and was entailed as a mayorazgo in 1535.Boletín Oficial del Estado and 8 moreEntrance of Tomb KV5 of Ramesses II's sons: This is a view of entrance of the closed Tomb KV5 of the sons of Ramesses II in the Valley of the Kings.1213 BCE · Valley of the Kings, Luxor, EgyptRamesses II outlived his first three crown princes, his thirteenth son succeeded him, and his sons' tomb KV5 has more than 130 roomsRamesses II reigned from 1279 to 1213 BC. Estimates of his children run to 48 to 50 sons and 40 to 53 daughters. Four of his daughters, Bintanath, Meritamen, Nebettawy and Henuttawy, became his Great Royal Wives.kirkusreviews.com and 4 moreMaximilian I of Mexico: Maximilian of Mexico bw1867 · Querétaro, MexicoJuárez refused to hand over Emperor Maximilian's body after the 1867 execution, and his widow's fortune went home to Belgium with her under her brother's controlArchduke Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria took the Mexican crown in 1864 with French troops behind him. His wife Charlotte, daughter of King Leopold I of Belgium, brought a dowry that paid for their castle of Miramare near Trieste.history.state.gov and 4 moreMaximilian I of Mexico: Maximilian of Mexico bw1867 · Mexico City, MexicoMaximilian made the two-year-old grandson of Mexico's first emperor a prince and his ward, and the boy died a Georgetown language teacher with no childrenAgustín de Iturbide was crowned Mexico's first emperor in 1822, overthrown in 1823 and shot in 1824. His son Ángel married an American, Alice Green, and their son Agustín was born in Mexico City on 2 April 1863.es.wikisource.org and 2 moreCrown, Henry I of Haiti (Henri Christophe), Haiti, 1820 - Bode-Museum - DSC02719: Exhibit in the Bode-Museum, Berlin, Germany. This work is in the public domain because the artist 1820 · Milot (Sans-Souci Palace), HaitiHaiti's King Henry shot himself, rebels bayoneted his 16-year-old heir ten days later, and the queen took her daughters into exile in PisaHenri Christophe declared the northern Haitian state a kingdom on 28 March 1811 and was crowned King Henry I. He built the Sans-Souci Palace and the Citadelle near Milot. He had married Marie-Louise Coidavid in 1793.ageofrevolutions.com and 4 moreJeanne d'Arc au bûcher, Place du Vieux-Marché, Rouen (La Prière pour la France): Carte postale n°1311431 · Rouen, FranceJoan of Arc's mother sued to clear her daughter's name, and in 1456 the church declared the 1431 trial nullJoan of Arc led French forces for Charles VII. In December 1429 the king ennobled her father, Jacques, her mother, Isabelle Romée, and her brothers Jean and Pierre; the family used the name du Lys.archive.joan-of-arc.org and 2 moreDamodar Rao of Jhansi: The place from where Rani Lakshmibai jumped1853 · Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India; Indore, Madhya PradeshThe East India Company refused the Raja of Jhansi's deathbed adoption, took the state, and kept the boy's inheritance in trust for goodRaja Gangadhar Rao of Jhansi had no living son. As he lay dying he adopted a five-year-old relative, Anand Rao, renamed Damodar Rao.cbkwgl.wordpress.com and 3 moreHamlet Q1 Frontispiece 1603: Frontispiece to the First Quarto (1603) of William Shakespeare's HamletFiction · 1599 · Denmark (setting)In Shakespeare's Hamlet, an uncle kills the king, marries the widow and is chosen king over the son, and the crown ends with a foreign princeHamlet is a play by William Shakespeare, written between about 1599 and 1601 and first printed in 1603. It comes from the legend of Amleth in Saxo Grammaticus's Latin history of the Danes, retold in French by Belleforest in 1570.Project Gutenberg and 3 moreCleopatra: Kleopatra-VII.-Altes-Museum-Berlin140 · Rome, Italy; kingdom of Mauretania (Algeria and Morocco)Cleopatra's grandson Ptolemy inherited Mauretania from his father Juba, and Caligula summoned him to Rome and had him killedCleopatra VII's daughter Cleopatra Selene married Juba II, and the couple received the kingdom of Mauretania. Their son Ptolemy became co-ruler by AD 21 and sole king when Juba died in AD 23 or 24.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 2 morePetronius Arbiter: (Téléversé avec Commonist) Nouvelle version plus claire.66 · Cumae, Campania, ItalyPetronius's will listed Nero's sex partners by name, and Pliny says he smashed a 300,000-sesterce basin to keep it from NeroPetronius had governed Bithynia and served as consul. At Nero's court he became the emperor's "arbiter" of taste. Tacitus says the guard prefect Tigellinus was jealous of him.Wikisource (primary text) and 2 moreDingane - 'Bulalani abathakathi' - 1897: Dingane got up and yelled "Bulalani abathakathi" ("kill the magicians") and the warrior immediately killed the Boer representatives. In rea1828 · KwaDukuza (Stanger), KwaZulu-Natal, South AfricaDingane and Mhlangana killed their half-brother Shaka in 1828, and their brother Mpande took the Zulu throne with Boer help in 1840Shaka ruled the Zulu kingdom. In September 1828, while his armies were away, his bodyguard Mbopha and his half-brothers Dingane and Mhlangana stabbed him near his barracks at Dukuza. His body was buried in a grain pit.Internet Archive and 5 moreBoudica statue, Westminster (8433726848): Boudica statue, Westminster60 · Territory of the Iceni (Norfolk), EnglandKing Prasutagus left half his kingdom to Nero to protect his daughters, and Tacitus says Roman officers flogged his widow Boudica and raped his daughtersPrasutagus, king of the Iceni in eastern Britain, ruled as an ally of Rome. Tacitus says he named the emperor Nero co-heir with his two daughters, expecting that this would keep his kingdom and household safe.Wikisource (primary text) and 2 moreHp inka12: Hp_inka12.jpg1527 · Cuzco, PeruAtahualpa's captains hanged Huáscar's wives and children on the Cuzco road, burned a dead king's mummy, and killed Huáscar so Pizarro could not free himHuayna Capac died of smallpox near Quito in 1527. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa records that Cuzco raised his son Huáscar as Inca. Another son, Atahualpa, stayed in the north and said his father had left him poor and dishonoured.Internet Archive and 3 moreCatherine the Great: Portrait of Catherine II of Russia (1729-1796)1796 · Saint Petersburg, RussiaCatherine the Great tried to pass over her son Paul for the throne, and Paul made a law that no ruler could choose an heir againOn 5 February 1722 Peter the Great made it law that the ruler could name any successor. Anna confirmed it in 1731 and Peter III in 1761.ru.wikisource.org and 2 moreTvorozhnikov: Vasily Mirovich Standing over the Body of Ivan VI at Schlusselburg Fortress1764 · Shlisselburg Fortress (Oreshek), Leningrad Oblast, RussiaRussia's infant emperor Ivan VI was deposed at 15 months, held prisoner for 23 years, and killed by his guards under standing orders in 1764Empress Anna of Russia named her great-nephew Ivan Antonovich her heir by manifesto in October 1740, when he was about eight weeks old. She died days later and the baby was proclaimed emperor, with Duke Biron as regent.Wikisource (primary text) and 3 moreCharles II of Spain: Spanish: Carlos II de España Charles II of Spaintitle QS:P1476,es:"Carlos II de España "label QS:Les,"Carlos II de Españ1700 · Madrid, SpainSpain's childless Charles II left his whole empire to a French prince in his will, and Europe went to war for 13 yearsCharles II of Spain, the last Spanish Habsburg, had serious inherited disabilities and no children. His empire included Spain, much of Italy, the Spanish Netherlands and the Americas.Wikipedia (English) and 1 moreБегство Кучума из города Кашлык: The conquest of Siberia by Yermak (1580—1585). The miniature depicts the fall of Qashliq to Yermak, and the flight of Khan Kuchum (23-25 October 151605 · Irmen River on the Ob, near Novosibirsk, RussiaSiberia's last khan lost his capital to Cossacks in 1582 and his family to Moscow in 1598; his descendants served the tsars as Princes SibirskyKuchum, a Shaybanid descendant of Genghis Khan, took the throne of the khanate of Sibir in 1563 from Yadegar, a vassal of Moscow. In October 1582 the Cossack Yermak captured his capital, Qashliq.sipec.aoyama.ac.jp and 2 moreTsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia (1552–1553): Facial Chronicle - b.21, p. 5051591 · Uglich, Yaroslavl Oblast, RussiaTsarevich Dmitry died at Uglich in 1591, a man using his name took the throne in 1605, and Moscow hanged his widow's small son in 1614Dmitry, son of Ivan IV and Maria Nagaya, was born on 19 October 1582. After Ivan's death he and his mother were sent to Uglich on 24 May 1584. He died there on 15 May 1591, aged 8.Wikisource (primary text) and 5 moreIvan the Terrible: Ivan grozny frame1581 · Aleksandrova Sloboda (Aleksandrov), Vladimir Oblast, RussiaIvan the Terrible struck his heir on the head in November 1581, and his dynasty ended with his surviving son in 1598Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich was born on 28 March 1554, the son of Ivan IV and his first wife, Anastasia Romanovna. Ivan IV's testament of about 1572 named him heir.ru.wikisource.org and 3 morePolish: Hołd pruski The Prussian Homagelabel QS:Lde,"Die Preußische Huldigung"label QS:Lfr,"L’hommage prussien"label QS:: Polish: Hołd pruski The Prussian Homagelabel QS:Lde,"Die P1568 · Kraków, Poland; Königsberg and Tapiau, Prussia (now KaliningOn Luther's advice the last Grand Master in Prussia dropped his vows in 1525, made the Order's state his hereditary duchy, and marriedAlbrecht of Brandenburg-Ansbach, a Hohenzollern, was elected Grand Master of the Teutonic Order in December 1510 and invested on 13 February 1511. In 1523 he asked Martin Luther for advice on the Order's statutes.deutsche-biographie.de and 2 moreMusterung-Welser-Armada: Gouverneur de:Georg Hohermuth von Speyer (rechts) und de:Philipp von Hutten (Mitte) anläßlich der Musterung der Welser-Armada in Sanlúcar de Barrameda vor 1546 · El Tocuyo, Venezuela, and Augsburg, GermanyCharles V gave the Welser bank Venezuela for its loans, and a Spanish governor had the head of the firm's son killed there in 1546Bartholomäus Welser (1484 to 1561) led the Augsburg trading house from 1518. The Welsers were among the largest creditors of Charles V.deutsche-biographie.de and 4 moreRobert Aske: Aske affixing his proclamation on the door of York Cathedral1537 · York, England, UKRobert Aske's rebels demanded the repeal of the law that stopped landowners leaving land by will; Aske was hanged in chains, and Henry VIII gave way in 1540English landowners used "uses": others held legal title to land for their benefit. Uses let them avoid the feudal dues owed to the Crown when land passed to an heir, and let them direct who would have the land after death.familyrecords.awh.durham.ac.uk and 5 moreJáchymov 2016 a: View over Jáchymov1526 · Jáchymov (Joachimsthal), Karlovy Vary Region, Czech RepublicCount Stephan Schlick minted the first thalers from his silver mine, vanished at Mohács in 1526, and the new king took the mint from his familySilver was found in the Ore Mountains of Bohemia in 1512. In 1516 Count Stephan Schlick founded a mining town there, Joachimsthal, now Jáchymov. Regular minting began in 1520.machogalleries.com and 2 moreJoanna of Castile: German: Johanna die in spain (1473-1435) Portrait of Joan the Madtitle QS:P1476,de:"Johanna die in spain (1473-1435) "la1504 · Tordesillas, SpainIsabella of Castile's will made her daughter Joanna queen, and Joanna's father and son kept her locked in Tordesillas for 46 yearsIsabella I of Castile died in November 1504. Her daughter Joanna became queen of Castile. Isabella's will let Ferdinand, Joanna's father, govern if Joanna was absent or unwilling to rule, until Joanna's heir turned 20.capillarealgranada.com and 2 moreSt Catherine Disputation - Andreas and Cem: St Catherine's Disputation / 2nd Room: Hall of the Saints (Sala dei Santi) The Borgia Apartments (Appartamento Borgia)Detail of probable1502 · Rome, ItalyThe last Byzantine emperor's nephew signed his imperial rights over to the King of France in 1494 for 4,400 ducats a yearAndreas Palaiologos was born in 1453, the year his uncle Constantine XI, the last Byzantine emperor, died when the Ottomans took Constantinople.hfrir.jvolsu.com and 4 moreIndonesian: Penangkapan DiponegoroThe Arrest of Diponegorotitle QS:P1476,id:"Penangkapan Diponegoro"label QS:Lid,"Penang: Depicts the arrest of prince Diponegoro at the end of the 1855 · Fort Rotterdam, Makassar, IndonesiaPrince Diponegoro was arrested at peace talks in 1830, and the kris the Dutch returned in 2020 had been missing for decadesDiponegoro was the eldest son of Sultan Hamengkubuwono III of Yogyakarta by a concubine. He was passed over for the throne in favour of a younger half-brother and later a child sultan.thejakartapost.com and 3 moreWu Zetian: 唐后行從圖 (局部) - 武則天705 · Luoyang, Henan; buried at Qianling, Shaanxi, ChinaWu Zetian deposed one son, had another forced to kill himself, made herself emperor, and was buried as an empress in her husband's sealed tombWu Zetian was empress to Emperor Gaozong. Their son Zhongzong took the throne after his father died. The Zizhi Tongjian records that early in 684 he said he could give the empire to his father-in-law, Wei Xuanzhen, if he liked.zh.wikisource.org and 5 moreOdysseus slays the suitors of his wife Penelope (Skyphos pot): Scanned B&W Images. Both vessels are fully scanned and include an Attic red-figure skyphos ca. 440 BCE from TarquLegend · 1180 BCE · Ithaca, GreeceThe Odyssey says 108 suitors ate through Odysseus's estate while he was away, and planned to kill his son and divide his propertyThe Odyssey, composed around the 8th or 7th century BC and attributed to Homer, tells what happened to a king's property when he did not come home. Odysseus spent ten years at Troy and about ten more getting back.Project Gutenberg and 2 moreŞehzade Bayezid: Sultan Suleiman the Magnicifient (d. 1566) and he son Bayezid (d. 1561) a miniature.1562 · Qazvin, IranSüleyman paid the Shah of Persia to hand back his son Bayezid, who was strangled in Qazvin with his four sonsAfter Mustafa's death and their mother Hürrem's death on 15 April 1558, two sons were left: Selim and Bayezid. Bayezid feared the clause in Mehmed II's law code that let a new sultan kill his brothers.Encyclopaedia Britannica and 2 moreHouse of Jagat Seth, Nashipur, Murshidabad, West Bengal 01: House of Jagat Seth, Nashipur, Murshidabad, West Bengal1763 · Murshidabad, West Bengal; Munger Fort, Bihar, IndiaThe Jagat Seths financed the British at Plassey; six years later the Nawab had the two heads of the bank killed and their bodies thrown from a fortHiranand Shah, an Oswal merchant from Nagaur in Rajasthan, settled in Patna in 1652.en.banglapedia.org and 2 moreEstampes par Nicolas de Larmessin.f149.Le grand cherif Mouley-Ismaël, roi du Maroc: Les augustes représentations de tous les rois de France, depuis Pharamond jusqu'à Louis XIV,... 1727 · Meknes, MoroccoMoulay Ismail of Morocco died in 1727 with hundreds of sons, and his army made and unmade sultans for thirty yearsMoulay Ismail became sultan of Morocco in 1672, at about 25, and ruled until 1727. In 1704 the French envoy Dominique Busnot reported 600 sons by four wives and 500 concubines. Textbooks and Guinness give 888 children.journals.plos.org and 5 morePtolemy VIII Physcon: Head of Ptolemy VIII130 BCE · Alexandria, Egypt, and CyprusPtolemy VIII married his sister Cleopatra II and then her daughter, and when his sister held Alexandria against him he sent her their son's head, hands and feetIn 145 BC Ptolemy VIII returned to Alexandria after his brother Ptolemy VI died and married his brother's widow, their sister Cleopatra II.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 2 moreHatshepsut: Seated Statue of Hatshepsut1458 BCE · Thebes (Luxor), EgyptHatshepsut took the throne from her stepson Thutmose III, who had her statues smashed and her images erased two decades after her deathThutmose II died while his son Thutmose III, born to another wife, was a child. Hatshepsut, the dead king's widow and half-sister, ruled for the boy as regent from about 1479 BC.worldhistory.org and 3 moreArsinoe II: ArsinoeII269 BCE · Cassandreia (Kassandreia, Greece) and Alexandria, EgyptArsinoe II married her half-brother Ptolemy Keraunos to protect her sons, he had two of them killed in her arms, and she then married her full brotherPtolemy I passed over his eldest son, Ptolemy Keraunos, son of Eurydice, and around 285 BC made the younger Ptolemy II, son of Berenice, his heir. Keraunos left Egypt.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 3 moreMapa podziału Księstwa Polskiego w 1102: The map of division of Polish Duchy in 1102, after death of Władysław I Herman.1138 · Płock, PolandBolesław III had his half-brother blinded, then split Poland among his sons in 1138, and the country stayed divided for about two centuriesBolesław III Krzywousty was born on 20 August 1086, son of Duke Władysław Herman. After his father died in 1102, he fought his half-brother Zbigniew for the country.zpe.gov.pl and 2 moreMalay Heritage Centre, Istana Kampong Glam 3, Dec 05: Malay Heritage Centre, Istana Kampong Glam 3, Dec 051835 · Kampong Glam, SingaporeRaffles made Hussein sultan without the regalia, and in 1897 a court ruled his grandsons' palace land belonged to the CrownWhen Sultan Mahmud Shah III of Johor-Riau died in 1812, his court installed his younger son Abdul Rahman instead of the elder, Hussein.sso.agc.gov.sg and 6 moreMaya Jade Mask & Burial Artifacts of Kinich Hanab Pakal, Ruler of Palenque, 615-683 AD: Maya Gallery, INAH, National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico City. Complete indexed photo col683 · Palenque, Chiapas, MexicoPakal took Palenque's throne at 12 after an enemy sacked the city and the king died, and his son cut three rulers out of the official king listK'inich Janaab Pakal was born on 23 March 603. Palenque's House C stairway records an attack by the Snake kingdom of Kaan in 599. On 4 April 611, when Pakal was eight, Kaan sacked the city again.mesoweb.com and 2 moreFresco depicting Bhai Makhan Shah Labana finding Guru Tegh Bahadur, with a young-lad and Mata Nanaki, from Gurdwara Baba: Fresco depicting Bhai Makhan Shah Labana finding Guru Tegh1664 · Kiratpur and Bakala, Punjab, India; Dehradun, UttarakhandA Sikh guru disinherited his elder son for changing one verse for Aurangzeb, and rival claimants sat at Bakala waiting to be namedGuru Har Rai, seventh guru of the Sikhs, sent his elder son Ram Rai to Aurangzeb's court. When the emperor objected to a verse in the Adi Granth, Ram Rai changed its wording to please him.srigurugranthsahib.org and 4 moreHoward Carter: Howard carter1323 BCE · Valley of the Kings, Luxor, EgyptHoward Carter's team cut Tutankhamun's body apart to free it from his coffin in 1925, and Carter's published account left it outOn 24 October 1925 Carter's team found that Tutankhamun's innermost coffin was solid gold and fixed to the second coffin by thick resin. Resin poured over the king at his funeral had also glued the body inside.tutankhamun.griffith.ox.ac.uk and 4 moreBasil II: Basilios II1025 · Constantinople (Istanbul), TurkeyBasil II left 200,000 pounds of gold and no son; his successors spent it, and the gold coin was debased to almost nothing by the 1080sBasil II ruled Byzantium for about fifty years. The Byzantine historian Michael Psellus says the treasury reached "200,000 talents" and that Basil had spiral galleries dug underground to hold it.sourcebooks.fordham.edu and 4 moreNagarakretagama of Indonesian 14th century Majapahit manuscript: Nagarakretagama of Indonesian 14th century Majapahit manuscript1895 · Cakranegara, Lombok, IndonesiaDutch troops took a quarter tonne of gold from the Lombok palace in 1894, and with it the only manuscript of Majapahit's royal chronicleA Balinese dynasty from Karangasem ruled Lombok from the palace at Cakranegara and grew rich on the rents of the island's Sasak people. In 1894 the Netherlands East Indies sent an army.amsterdam.wereldmuseum.nl and 4 moreAn lang: Điện Long Ân, An Lăng, nơi thờ cúng vua Dục Đức, Thành Thái và Duy Tân1883 · Huế, VietnamEmperor Tự Đức's will called his heir unfit, and his regents crowned four emperors in just over a year and poisoned twoTự Đức ruled Vietnam from 1848. He had no children and adopted three nephews.vi.wikisource.org and 5 moreBahadur Shah Zafar: This file has been provided by the British Library from its digital collections. Links to the British Library's website may be broken as the library recovers fr1862 · Delhi, India; Rangoon (Yangon), Myanmar; Howrah, West BengalA British officer shot the last Mughal emperor's sons in 1857, and in 2025 India's Supreme Court threw out his great-grandson's widow's claim to the Red FortBahadur Shah Zafar was the last Mughal emperor. When British forces retook Delhi in September 1857, William Hodson found him at Humayun's Tomb on 20 September and brought him in under orders to deliver him unharmed.LiveLaw and 4 moreNana Saheb Peshwa II: Nana sahib1859 · Bithur and Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India; NepalThe British refused the last Peshwa's adopted son his father's pension, and after 1857 dug his treasure out of the wells at BithurBaji Rao II, the last Maratha peshwa, lost his kingdom to the British in the Third Maratha War and lived in exile at Bithur, near Kanpur, on a pension. In 1827 he adopted Nana Sahib.The Gazette and 2 moreStanding Portrait of Emperor Tang Taizong (I): This depicts Emperor Taizong of Tang (唐太宗).626 · Xuanwu Gate, Chang'an (Xi'an), Shaanxi, ChinaLi Shimin killed his two brothers at the Xuanwu Gate, executed their ten sons and had the throne from his father within two monthsLi Yuan founded the Tang dynasty in 618 as Emperor Gaozu. His eldest son, Li Jiancheng, was crown prince. His second son, Li Shimin, Prince of Qin, had led the main campaigns.zh.wikisource.org and 2 moreJianwen Emperor: Jianwen Emperor1398 · Nanjing, Jiangsu, ChinaThe Yongle Emperor took his nephew's throne in 1402, and the deposed emperor's two-year-old son was held for 55 yearsThe Hongwu Emperor's heir, his eldest son Zhu Biao, died in 1392.zh.wikisource.org and 3 moreMöngke enthroned. Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini, 1438, Shiraz: Möngke enthroned. Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini, 1438, Shiraz1248 · Karakorum and the Onon River, MongoliaÖgedei named a grandson as heir, two widows put other men on the throne, and Möngke executed the grandson's mother for sorceryThe Yuan History records that Ögedei Khan named his grandson Shiremün as heir. Ögedei died in 1241 after a night of drinking. His widow Töregene ruled from 1242 and had their son Güyük enthroned in 1246.zh.wikisource.org and 3 moreJew's House: Jew's House, Lincoln (Grimm)1186 · Lincoln, EnglandWhen Aaron of Lincoln died in 1186, Henry II took his whole estate and set up a separate exchequer to collect his debtsAaron of Lincoln was born about 1125. The pipe roll of 1166 shows Henry II owing him £616 12s. 8d. in nine counties.Journal article (DOI) and 4 moreAmarna letter fragment, from King Tushratta of Mitanni to Queen Tiy (Teye) of Egypt, matching fragment in British Museum: Exhibit in the Oriental Institute Museum, University of Ch1353 BCE · Thebes (Luxor), Egypt, and Mittani (northern Syria and Iraq)Amenhotep III promised the king of Mittani solid-gold statues for his daughter, and after Amenhotep died his son sent gold-plated woodTushratta, king of Mittani, gave his daughter Tadu-Heba to Pharaoh Amenhotep III. He wrote that he gave her at the first request, where his grandfather had waited for a seventh request and his father for a fifth or sixth.repository.bilkent.edu.tr and 3 morePartida de casamiento de José Gabriel Túpac Amaru y Micaela Bastidas: Registro parroquial que contiene la partida de matrimonio de José Gabriel Túpac Amaru y Micaela Bastidas. Ubic1781 · Cuzco, PeruA Cuzco chief sued for four years to be recognised as the last Inca's heir, then led the 1780 rebellion with the case still undecidedThe Marquisate of Oropesa was created in 1614 for Ana María Lorenza de Loyola, heir of the Inca Sayri Túpac, after she won a lawsuit against the Crown. It covered Yucay, Huayllabamba, Urubamba and Maras.revistas.pucp.edu.pe and 3 moreMatrimonio de Martín de Loyola con doña Beatriz Ñusta, y de Don Juan Borja con Lorenza Ñusta: Matrimonio de Martín García Óñez de Loyola con la princesa inca Beatriz y de Juan de E1560 · Yucay, Cuzco, PeruAn Inca princess was married to the captain who captured her uncle, their daughter got a Spanish marquisate with the Inca estate of Yucay, and Inca claimants fought for it after the line died outSayri Túpac, Inca of Vilcabamba, left his mountain state in 1557 after the viceroy agreed to give him 17,000 castellanos of rent and the valley of Yucay. He died at Yucay in 1560.Boletín Oficial del Estado and 4 moreDiego Velázquez de Cuéllar: DiegoVelazquezCuellar1538 · Cuzco, PeruDiego de Almagro willed his governorship of New Toledo to his mestizo son, Pizarro ignored the will, and the son's followers killed PizarroDiego de Almagro was Francisco Pizarro's partner in the conquest of Peru. In May 1534 the Crown granted him the right to conquer and settle the lands 200 leagues south of Pizarro's territory, the governorship of New Toledo.revista.agn.gob.pe and 2 moreAI illustration: Ptolemy's cavalry turn Alexander the Great's funeral carriage toward Egypt, 321 BC323 BCE · BabylonAlexander the Great left his empire "to the strongest", and his general Ptolemy hijacked his bodyAlexander died in Babylon aged 32, on 10 or 11 June 323 BC by a Babylonian astronomical diary. He ruled from Greece to India and left no adult heir. Arrian records that his Companions asked who would get the kingdom.Wikisource (primary text) and 3 moreGia Long: Emperor Gia Long1792 · Phú Xuân (Huế), VietnamGia Long dug up the Tây Sơn emperors in 1802, pounded their bones and locked their skulls in a prisonThe Tây Sơn brothers overthrew the Nguyễn lords and the Lê emperors. The second brother, Nguyễn Huệ, ruled as Emperor Quang Trung and drove out a Qing army in 1789.zh.wikisource.org and 3 more영모전 단종 어진 2: 단종 어진(강원도 영월군 영월읍 영흥리 영모전에 있는 1927년 이규진의 이모본)1457 · Yeongwol, Gangwon Province, South KoreaDanjong's uncle took his throne, and three Joseon records give three accounts of how the 16-year-old died in exileDanjong became the sixth king of Joseon in 1452, aged 10 by the Korea Times count, after the short reign of his father, King Munjong. In 1453 his uncle, Grand Prince Suyang, staged a coup and purged senior officials.encykorea.aks.ac.kr and 2 moreCleopatra: Kleopatra-VII.-Altes-Museum-Berlin130 BCE · Alexandria, EgyptMark Antony gave Cleopatra's children kingdoms in 34 BC, and after 30 BC Octavian killed Caesarion and gave the others to his sister to raiseIn autumn 34 BC Mark Antony filled the gymnasium at Alexandria and set two golden thrones on a silver platform, with lower thrones for the children.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 5 moreKhizr Khan and Devaldi enthroned. Duval Rani Khizr Khan of Amir Khusrau Dihvali. Scribe, Sultan Bayazid ibn Nizam Mughal: Khizr Khan and Devaldi enthroned. Duval Rani Khizr Khan of1316 · Siri, Delhi, India; Gwalior FortMalik Kafur read out a will that made a six-year-old sultan of Delhi, blinded the heirs, and was beheaded 35 days laterMalik Kafur, a eunuch, commanded Sultan Alauddin Khalji's armies in the Deccan. Amir Khusrau's account says Kafur persuaded the dying sultan to confine his heir, Khizr Khan, in Gwalior Fort, under an oath not to take his life.Internet Archive and 1 moreIrene of Athens: Irene solidus sb 1599 (obverse)797 · Constantinople (Istanbul), TurkeyEmpress Irene had her son Constantine VI blinded in the room where he was born and ruled Byzantium alone from 797Irene was born in Athens and married the future emperor Leo IV in 769. Their son Constantine was born on 14 January 771 in the Porphyra, the purple room of the palace in Constantinople.pbe.kcl.ac.uk and 4 moreIltutmish: Islamic Sultanates. Delhi. Shams al-Dīn Iltutmish. AH 607-633 AD 1210-1235. AR Tanka (25mm, 11.07 g, 6h). Sind type1236 · Delhi, India; killed near Kaithal, HaryanaSultan Iltutmish named his daughter Razia heir over his sons; the nobles crowned a son, and the people of Delhi put her on the throneThe chronicler Minhaj-i-Siraj writes that Sultan Iltutmish, returning from the conquest of Gwalior, ordered his secretary to write a decree naming his eldest daughter Raziyyat his heir apparent.Internet Archive and 1 moreCharlotte Mary Yonge: Photo of Charlotte Mary Yonge1487 · Rome, Italy; Kyrenia, CyprusQueen Charlotte of Cyprus lost her throne to her father's illegitimate son and signed her crowns of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia over to SavoyKing John II of Cyprus died in July 1458, and the Cypriot nobility backed his legitimate daughter, Charlotte. On 10 October 1458 her marriage to Louis of Savoy was concluded.medievalists.net and 3 moreHungarian Crown Regalia: The Crown, Sword, and Scepter within the Hungarian Parliament Building (Országház) Budapest, Hungary1439 · Visegrád, HungaryA lady-in-waiting stole the Holy Crown of Hungary in 1440 so a baby born hours later could be crowned kingKing Albert II of Hungary died on 27 October 1439. His widow, Queen Elisabeth, was about five months pregnant. Hungarian nobles wanted her to marry the 16-year-old King Władysław III of Poland. She refused and waited for a son.germanhistorydocs.org and 5 moreSeal of Vytautas the Great: Portrait seal of Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas the Great.1430 · Trakai, LithuaniaPolish lords stopped the crown sent for Vytautas in 1430, he died uncrowned, and his grave in Vilnius Cathedral has never been foundVytautas ruled the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1392 to 1430 under the union with Poland, whose king, Jogaila, was his cousin. Emperor Sigismund offered him a royal crown.old.lituanus.org and 2 moreChistyakovP SofVitovNaSvGRM: At the wedding of Vasilii the Dark Sofia Vitovtovna pulls the belt from Prince Vasilii Kosoi. Original title: see [1]1425 · Moscow, RussiaMoscow's grand prince was blinded by his cousin in 1446, after his mother tore a disputed gold belt from another cousin at his weddingDmitry Donskoy's will of 1389 left Vladimir and its land to his elder son Vasily I, and said that if Vasily died, Moscow and Vladimir would pass to the eldest of the other brothers.ru.wikisource.org and 3 moreImperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire front: Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire in "Schatzkammer" Vienna1423 · Nuremberg, Germany; Vienna, AustriaAn emperor gave Nuremberg the crown jewels "for permanent custody" in 1423; Vienna took them in 1800, Hitler took them back, and an American found them walled in a bunkerThe regalia of the Holy Roman Empire include the imperial crown, orb, sceptre, swords and a lance that tradition identifies as the Holy Lance.text-message.blogs.archives.gov and 3 moreLe cadavre de Jean de Montagu détaché de la potence par son fils. G: Auteur(s): Langlois, Philibert, graveur Marck, dessinateur Autre titre: De 1226 à 1469 / De l'avènement de St L1409 · Paris and Marcoussis, Essonne, FranceFrance's grand master was beheaded and hung at Montfaucon; his son won back his name and body, then died at AgincourtJean de Montaigu rose from royal secretary to grand master of the royal household under Charles VI of France. From the income of his offices he built a fortune.herodote.net and 4 moreGisant de Léon V d'Arménie: Gisant de Léon V d'Arménie1393 · Paris, FranceThe last king of Armenia was ransomed from Cairo, made lord of Madrid for life, and his title passed to the kings of CyprusLevon (Leo) of Lusignan was crowned king of Cilician Armenia at Sis on 14 September 1374, first by a Latin bishop and then by the Catholicos. Some Armenian nobles preferred Mamluk rule to a Catholic king.publications.gov.cy and 5 moreCharter of Dečani by Stefan Uroš III: Почетак Дечанске повеље (потписи Стефана Дечанског и Цара Душана) (arhiva SANU)1331 · Zvečan fortress, KosovoSerbia's King Milutin ordered his son blinded, and that son was later deposed by his own son and died in prison at Zvečan in 1331Stefan Uroš III rebelled against his father, King Milutin, in 1314. He was defeated, blinded and exiled.tib.oeaw.ac.at and 3 moreCoronation of Philip VI of Valois and Jeanne of Burgundy (BNF fr 10135 - fol 412v): Coronation of King of France Philipp VI of Valois and Queen Jeanne of Burgundy by Archbishop of 1328 · Paris, FranceFrance kept two kings' daughters off the throne, passed over Edward III, and later cited a Frankish land rule to justify itThe Salic law, a Frankish code compiled about 500 under Clovis, says in Title 59 that "of Salic land no portion of the inheritance shall come to a woman." It concerned land, not crowns.avalon.law.yale.edu and 4 morePhilip IV of France: Philip IV of France 1285-13141315 · Montfaucon, Paris, FrancePhilip IV's treasurer was hanged on the Montfaucon gallows he had built, and the king who let him hang left legacies to his childrenEnguerrand de Marigny was chamberlain to Philip IV of France. In 1313 and 1314 he ran the royal treasury and the new audit office, the chambre des comptes.Encyclopaedia Britannica and 2 moreKonradin: Codex Manesse, fol. 7r, Konradin von Hohenstaufen ("König Konradin der Jüngere") bei der Jagd mit Falken.1268 · Naples, Campania, ItalyConradin, the last legitimate Staufer, willed his lands to his Bavarian uncles and was beheaded in Naples at 16Conradin was born on 25 March 1252 at Wolfstein near Landshut, the son of King Conrad IV, who died in 1254. He grew up under the guardianship of his uncle, Duke Ludwig of Bavaria.de.wikisource.org and 2 moreMargarete von Babenberg: Margarete von Babenberg, auch Margareta von Österreich, tschechisch Markéta Babenberská, (* 1204 oder 1205; † 29. Oktober 1266 auf der Burg Krumau am Kamp)1246 · Vienna and Hainburg an der Donau, AustriaThe last Babenberg duke died without sons in 1246, his widowed sister of about 47 married a 19-year-old Ottokar and handed him her title deeds, and he divorced herDuke Frederick II of Austria, the last Babenberg duke, was killed in battle at the Leitha on 15 June 1246 and left no heir. His sister Margarete, born about 1204, was the widow of Henry (VII), King of the Romans.deutsche-biographie.de and 3 moreAI illustration: The White Tower of the Tower of London, 12441244 · Oxford; Tower of London; WinchesterHenry III took a third of David of Oxford's estate in 1244 and held his widow Licoricia in the Tower until it was settledLicoricia of Winchester was a Jewish moneylender. Her first husband, Abraham of Kent, died in 1234. In 1242 David of Oxford, one of the richest Jews in England, divorced his first wife, Muriel, to marry her. David died in 1244.majw.uvic.ca and 5 moreKing George III and his daughter, Queen Tamar: King George III and his daughter, Queen Tamar1213 · Gelati Monastery, near Kutaisi, GeorgiaGeorgia's King George III had no son and crowned his daughter Tamar co-ruler, and the place of her grave is still disputedKing George III of Georgia had no sons and named his daughter Tamar his successor. He crowned her co-ruler in front of the senior nobles and clergy.georgianencyclopedia.ge and 3 moreArtur of Brittany Alienor of Brittany: Artuš Bretaňský se sestrou Eleonorou1199 · Rouen, FranceRichard I's nephew Arthur disappeared in his uncle King John's prison, and Arthur's sister was held for 39 years until she diedArthur, duke of Brittany, was the son of Geoffrey, an elder brother of John. Geoffrey died before Arthur was born in 1187. In 1190 Richard I named Arthur his heir presumptive. When Richard died in 1199 he named John instead.british-history.ac.uk and 4 moreHenry I of England: Worcester chronicle - Henry I in a hulk1135 · London, EnglandHenry I's barons swore to make his daughter queen, and his nephew Stephen took the crown within weeks of his deathIn 1120 the White Ship sank and drowned William Adelin, Henry I's only legitimate son. Henry named his daughter Matilda, the widowed empress of Germany, as heir.avalon.law.yale.edu and 4 moreMatilda of Tuscany: Mathilde und Hugo von Cluny als Fürsprecher Heinrichs IV. (cropped)1115 · Canossa, Italy, and RomeMatilda of Tuscany gave her lands to the papacy, a historian says the surviving deed is a forgery, and the emperor took the lands the year after she diedMatilda, countess of Tuscany, held most of northern and central Italy and backed the popes against the emperor. In 1079 she gave all her domains to the pope.Treccani and 3 moreОслепление: Blinding of Vasilko1097 · Liubech, Chernihiv Oblast, UkraineThe princes of Rus' agreed at Liubech in 1097 that each would keep his father's lands, and two of them then blinded a thirdVolodymyr Monomakh called the princes of Rus' to Liubech in 1097 to end their feuds and unite them against the Cumans.ru.wikisource.org and 6 moreArco de Elvira Granada: Esta es una fotografía, tomada con mi propio móvil en la que se puede ver el Arco de Elvira desde tres perspectivas diferentes; de frente ,por detrás ,y des1066 · Granada, SpainJoseph ibn Naghrela inherited his father's place as vizier of Granada and was killed in the massacre of 1066Samuel ibn Naghrela fled Córdoba when it was sacked in 1012 and became vizier to King Habbus of Granada.fordham.edu and 3 moreVernet Edith discovering King Harold's corpse on the battle field of Hastings: Edith Swanneck discovering King Harold's corpse on the battle field of Hastings1066 · Wilton Abbey, Wiltshire, and Cambridgeshire, EnglandDomesday shows Count Alan holding 33 of the 40 estates of Edith the Fair, and in 1094 Archbishop Anselm wrote to her daughter, King Harold's daughter, who had left Wilton Abbey with AlanDomesday Book lists "Eadgifu the fair" as the holder in 1066 of 40 estates: 25 in Cambridgeshire, 6 in Essex, 5 in Hertfordshire, 3 in Suffolk and 1 in Buckinghamshire. By 1086 Count Alan of Brittany held 33 of them.pase.ac.uk and 4 moreAlfred the Great: Alfred the Great, silver penny; struck 875–880 (obverse)899 · Winchester, England, UKAlfred the Great's will answered his nephews' claim to their father's land, and one nephew rose against Alfred's sonKing Æthelred I of Wessex died in 871 fighting the Vikings, leaving two infant sons, Æthelhelm and Æthelwold. His younger brother Alfred became king.bl.uk and 3 moreKarlsschrein+Aachen+Wothly: city of Pamplona whose walls collapse814 · Aachen, GermanyCharlemagne's 811 division left two-thirds of his treasure to 21 archbishoprics and a silver table engraved with Constantinople to St Peter'sCharlemagne's biographer Einhard copied the document by which the emperor divided his treasure in 811, three years before his death. A full will was never finished. The treasure was split into three lots.sourcebooks.fordham.edu and 2 moreClovis I: Saint Remy baptise Clovis détail524 · Paris, FranceClovis's sons sent their mother scissors and a sword, then killed two of their dead brother's sons and split his kingdomClovis, king of the Franks, died in 511. Gregory of Tours writes that his four sons "received his kingdom and divided it among them in equal parts." Chlodomer, king at Orléans, was killed at Vézeronce in June 524.sourcebooks.fordham.edu and 4 moreSeptimius Severus: Septimius Severus busto-Musei Capitolini211 · Eboracum (York), England; Palatine, Rome, ItalySeverus left Rome to two sons, their mother stopped them dividing the empire, and Caracalla had his brother killed in her armsThe emperor Septimius Severus died in Britain on 4 February 211. Cassius Dio says his illness carried him off "not without some help, they say," from his elder son Antoninus, known as Caracalla.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 2 moreAureus Didius Iulianus: Didius Julianus, 193, Aureus, Rome, AV 7.25 g. IMP CAES M DID – IVLIAN AVG Laureate head r. Rev. RECTOR – ORBIS Julianus standing l., holding globe and roll193 · Praetorian camp, Rome, ItalyThe praetorian guard killed the emperor Pertinax and sold the empire to the highest bidder for 25,000 sesterces a soldierIn AD 193 the praetorian guard killed the emperor Pertinax. Herodian says the guards then announced from their camp walls that the empire was for sale.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 2 moreHadrian: München SMAEK 2019-03-23n136 · Rome, ItalyHadrian forced his 90-year-old brother-in-law and the man's 18-year-old grandson to die, and the old man prayed Hadrian would long for death and not be able to dieThe emperor Hadrian had no son. Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus had married Hadrian's elder sister Domitia Paulina. Their grandson, Pedanius Fuscus, was Hadrian's closest male relative.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 2 moreDecebal suicide: The suicide of the Dacian King Decebal on the Trajan Column106 · Sarmizegetusa Regia, Hunedoara County, RomaniaCassius Dio says Dacia's king buried his gold under a diverted river and killed the diggers, and a companion told the Romans where it wasDecebalus was king of Dacia. Rome under Trajan fought two wars against him and took his capital and his land. Cassius Dio writes that when Decebalus was about to be captured he killed himself, and his head was taken to Rome.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 2 moreArch of Titus Menorah: This photograph shows a modern replica of the Arch of Titus relief depicting the spoils of the Jerusalem Temple, including the temple menorah, carried in a t70 · Jerusalem; Rome, Italy; Carthage (Tunis), Tunisia; ConstantiRome carried the Temple treasures in triumph, the Vandals took them to Carthage, and Procopius says Justinian sent them to Jerusalem because a Jew warned they brought down every palace that held themTitus took Jerusalem in AD 70 and the Temple was destroyed. Josephus records that Vespasian put the golden vessels and instruments taken from the Temple in his new Temple of Peace in Rome.sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu and 3 moreGalba: Gold Aureus of Galba (MANTIS)69 · Rome, ItalyA senator was accused of biting the severed head of Galba's heir, and years later he swore on his son's life to get into the heir's widow's willIn AD 69 the emperor Galba adopted Piso Licinianus as his heir. Both were murdered.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 1 moreSeneca the Younger: Duble herma of Socrates and Seneca Antikensammlung Berlin 0765 · Rome, ItalySeneca offered Nero his 300-million-sesterce fortune, was refused, and three years later was ordered to die and denied the tablets to write his willThe Stoic philosopher Seneca tutored the young Nero and then advised him as emperor. The senator Suillius, on trial, asked how Seneca had made 300 million sesterces in four years of royal favour.Wikisource (primary text) and 4 moreClaudius: Claudius crop54 · Palatine, Rome, ItalyClaudius's will was never read in public, and Nero poisoned Claudius's son Britannicus four months after taking the throneThe emperor Claudius had a son, Britannicus, born on the 22nd day of his reign. He later married Agrippina and adopted her son Nero. Suetonius says that late in life Claudius regretted the marriage and the adoption.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 2 morePliny the Younger: 'Pliny the Younger and His Mother at Miseno'54 · Rome, Italy; Africa Proconsularis (Tunisia)Pliny says six men owned half of Roman Africa when Nero had them killed, and Suetonius says Nero seized the estates of anyone whose will left him too littlePliny the Elder wrote that great estates had ruined Italy. He added that six proprietors held half of the province of Africa when Nero had them put to death. Suetonius lists Nero's methods for raising money.perseus.tufts.edu and 3 moreHorti Lamiani (2006-2009): Planietria ricostruttiva degli Horti Lamiani41 · Horti Lamiani, Esquiline Hill, Rome, ItalySuetonius says Caligula ignored Tiberius's will, killed his co-heir, and haunted the gardens he inherited until his sisters reburied himKind 2: what Suetonius says. Tiberius's will named Caligula and his other grandson, the boy Tiberius Gemellus, as joint heirs. When Caligula entered Rome, the Senate and the crowd gave him full power and the will was set aside.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 2 moreValles típicos de Obejo, Sierra Morena: valles típicos de Sierra Morena. Obejo33 · Rome, Italy; mines in Hispania (Spain)Tacitus says Tiberius had Spain's richest man thrown from the Tarpeian Rock and kept his gold and copper mines for himselfSextus Marius owned gold and copper mines in Spain under the emperor Tiberius. Tacitus calls him the richest man in Spain. He survived an accusation in AD 25.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 3 moreLivia: (Toulouse) Livie Musée Saint-Raymond Ra 34029 · Rome, ItalyLivia left Galba 50 million sesterces in figures, and her son Tiberius read it as 500,000 and paid nothingLivia, widow of Augustus and mother of the emperor Tiberius, left legacies to many people.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 3 moreSuetonius: Suetonius etching (cropped)25 · Rome, ItalySuetonius says Tiberius frightened a man worth 400 million sesterces into suicide to inherit, and Caligula sent poisoned sweets to men who named him heirSeneca says Gnaeus Lentulus the Augur was thought to be worth 400 million sesterces, owed his rise to Augustus, and was as barren in intellect as in spirit.Project Gutenberg and 5 moreKings Agis and Cleomenes: Engraving which accompanied Plutarch's Lives of Agis IV and Cleomenes III, in volume 4 of the John Dryden edition published 1711. The speech scroll in the241 BCE · Sparta, Laconia, GreeceSpartan king Agis IV gave his estate and 600 talents to a land division, and was strangled with his mother and grandmother before any land was dividedPlutarch says an ephor named Epitadeus, angry with his son, passed a law that let a man give or bequeath his estate to anyone he chose. Land gathered into a few hands.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 2 moreEmperor Taizu play Cuju: Song Emperor Taizu, Emperor Taizong, prime minister Zhao Pu and other ministers were playing Cuju976 · Kaifeng, Henan, ChinaSong records say the founder's mother made him leave the throne to his brother, and on the night he died the messenger fetched the brother instead of the sonZhao Kuangyin took the throne in 960 as Emperor Taizu of Song.zh.wikisource.org and 4 moreKitano Tenjin Engi Emaki Michizane in exil: 大宰府の配所で恩賜の御衣を取出し嘆く菅原道真（承久本『北野天神縁起絵巻』巻4）903 · Dazaifu, Fukuoka, Japan; Kyoto, JapanJapan's court exiled Michizane on a rival's charge, then restored his offices and made him Chancellor 90 years after his deathKind 1 and kind 2. Sugawara no Michizane was a scholar from a family of modest rank. His daughter became a consort of Emperor Uda, and in 899 he was made Minister of the Right while Fujiwara no Tokihira became Minister of the Left.kotobank.jp and 2 moreJustinian II: Justinian ii (2, cropped and askew)711 · Constantinople (Istanbul), TurkeyJustinian II lost his throne and his nose in 695, took Constantinople back in 705, and was killed with his son in 711Justinian II became emperor in 685 at 16, after his father Constantine IV died. In 695 the general Leontios overthrew him, slit his nose and tongue, and exiled him to Cherson in Crimea.Wikisource (primary text) and 3 morePtolemy XII Auletes: Ptolemy XII Auletes Louvre Ma344951 BCE · Alexandria, EgyptPtolemy XII's will named Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII joint heirs under Roman protection, and the heirs went to warPtolemy XII Auletes held Egypt with Roman backing. His will named two heirs to rule together: the elder of his two sons, Ptolemy XIII, and the elder of his two daughters, Cleopatra VII.classics.mit.edu and 3 moreTaira no Masakado Kubizuka: 将門塚正面。940 · Otemachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan (mound); Kanto region, JapanMasakado fought his uncles for land, called himself the new emperor, and his head mound in Tokyo moved the Finance MinistryKind 1 and kind 2. Taira no Masakado was the son of Taira no Yoshimochi. The Konjaku monogatarishu says his uncles seized lands he was due to inherit from his father. Other accounts give a quarrel over a woman.pinktentacle.com and 2 moreMirza Kamran: Kamran Mirza1530 · Agra and Kabul; blinding in the Punjab (Pakistan)Babur's son Kamran held his infant nephew Akbar on the walls of Kabul under fire, and Humayun had Kamran blindedWhen Babur died, his eldest son Humayun took the throne at Agra on 9 Jumada I 937 AH. Nizamu-d din Ahmad records that coffers of gold were handed out, and the territories were divided among the brothers. Hindal received Mewat.Internet Archive and 1 more“吕不韦”铜戈-战国晚期秦王政九年（前238）-青川县文物管理所藏 2024-10-31: ​“吕不韦”铜戈-战国晚期秦王政九年（前238）-青川县文物管理所藏235 BCE · Handan, Hebei, and Xianyang, Shaanxi, ChinaSima Qian writes that a merchant bought a hostage prince the throne of Qin, then drank poison when the new king turned on himSima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), a Han-dynasty history, gives this account. Lü Buwei, a merchant of Yangdi, bought cheap, sold dear and piled up thousands in gold.zh.wikisource.org and 3 moreGold dinar of al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, AH 391: Dinar de ouro do califa fatímida Aláqueme Bimar Alá1021 · Muqattam hills, Cairo, EgyptSitt al-Mulk set aside the Fatimid heir after the caliph al-Hakim disappeared in 1021 and put his son al-Zahir on the throneIn 1013 the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim named his cousin Abd al-Rahim ibn Ilyas, governor of Damascus, as heir, passing over his own son Ali. His half-sister Sitt al-Mulk, daughter of the previous caliph al-Aziz, backed Ali.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr and 3 moreWang Mang(Emperor of the Xin dynasty): Wang Mang, courtesy name Jujun, officially titled the Shijianguo Emperor, was the founder and the only emperor of the short-lived Xin dynasty23 · Chang'an (Xi'an), Shaanxi, ChinaThe Han shu records that Wang Mang took the throne from a Han child, declared all land the "king's fields", repealed it three years later, and his head was kept for 272 yearsWhen Emperor Ping of Han died in AD 6, the regent Wang Mang chose a two-year-old boy of the Liu clan as successor. He did not make the boy emperor. He called him "young prince" and himself acting emperor.zh.wikisource.org and 4 moreBeowulf Cotton MS Vitellius A XV f. 132r: The first folio of the heroic epic poem Beowulf, written primarily in the West Saxon dialect of Old English. Part of the Cotton MS VitelliLegend · 1000 · land of the Geats, Scandinavia (setting)Beowulf says a dying king won a dragon's hoard with no son to leave it to, and his people buried the gold with himBeowulf is an Old English poem, not history. It survives in one manuscript, the Nowell Codex, dated about 975 to 1025; scholars date the poem anywhere from about 700 to 1000.Project Gutenberg and 2 moreUlugh Beg: Ulugh Beg, Timurid painting 1425-501449 · near Samarkand, UzbekistanUlugh Beg kept back his son's share of the treasury, and the son defeated him, had him sentenced, and let the emirs kill him on the road to MeccaUlugh Beg, grandson of Timur, governed Samarkand from 1409 and built a madrasa and an observatory there; his star catalogue of 1437 listed 994 stars. When his father Shah Rukh died in 1447 he became ruler.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr and 2 moreImperial State Crown of Queen Victoria (2): Imperial State Crown of Queen Victoria, the state crown used by British monarchs from 1838 to 1937Legend · 1362 · Tablada, near Seville, Spain; London, EnglandTradition says Pedro the Cruel took the "Black Prince's Ruby" from a Granadan sultan he killed with his own lance; it is a spinel in the front of Britain's crownThe stone called the Black Prince's Ruby is a red spinel of about 170 carats, not a ruby. Muhammad VI of Granada, known to the Castilians as Abu Said, fled to Seville in April 1362 with most of Granada's royal treasury.gia.edu and 4 moreHusayn Mosque, Karbala, Iraq 1765: A drawing of the Imam Husayn Mosque by German explorer Carsten Niebuhr during his travels to the Middle East. He drew this illustration of the Im680 · Karbala, IraqMu'awiya made his son Yazid heir to the caliphate; Muhammad's grandson al-Husayn refused to swear and was killed at Karbala with most of his family's menAl-Husayn was the son of Ali and of Muhammad's daughter Fatima (story 22). The caliph Mu'awiya, founder of the Umayyad dynasty, had made the people swear that his son Yazid would be his heir.Internet Archive and 2 moreSun Jian and Yuan Shao quarrel over the Heirloom Seal: A Qing Dynasty illustration of a quarrel between Yuan Shao and Sun Jian over the Imperial Seal of China.937 · Luoyang, Henan, ChinaChina's Heirloom Seal passed to every usurper for 1,100 years, and the last Later Tang emperor carried it into the fireThe Heirloom Seal of the Realm was cut in jade for the First Emperor of Qin in 221 BC.zh.wikisource.org and 4 moreZoe Porphyrogenita: Zoe mosaic Hagia Sophia1041 · Constantinople (Istanbul), TurkeyEmpress Zoe adopted Michael V as her heir, he exiled her, and the people of Constantinople had him blinded in 1042Zoe was a daughter of Emperor Constantine VIII of the Macedonian dynasty. Her first husband, Romanos III, drowned in his bath in 1034 after she had plotted with her lover Michael, who then married her and became Michael IV.sourcebooks.fordham.edu and 2 moreHarischandra in Distress, having lost his kingdom and all the wealth parting with his only son in an auction: Harishchandra lost his kingdom and all the wealth parting with his onl300 · Ayodhya and Benares (Varanasi), Uttar Pradesh, IndiaThe Markandeya Purana says King Harishchandra gave the whole earth to a Brahmin sage, then sold his wife, his son and himself to pay the feeThe Markandeya Purana says Harishchandra was a just king in the Treta Age. Having angered the sage Vishvamitra, he offered him anything he wanted.Internet Archive and 1 moreMap of Turkey, marked on the globe41 BCE · Ephesus (near Selçuk, Turkey)Cleopatra's sister Arsinoe IV fought Caesar, walked in chains in his triumph and was killed at a temple on Antony's orders, and the skeleton said to be hers was a boy'sIn 48 BC, while Julius Caesar was besieged in Alexandria, Cleopatra's younger sister Arsinoe escaped the palace with her tutor, the eunuch Ganymedes, and proclaimed herself queen.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 5 moreFu Hao: Fu Hao Tomb and Statue, c. 1200 BC, Reign of King Wu Ding, Shang Dynasty (10197821303)1200 BCE · Yinxu, Anyang, Henan, ChinaFu Hao led the Shang king's armies, the oracle said her childbirth was "not good" because she had a girl, and hers is the only Shang royal tomb found intactFu Hao was one of the many wives of King Wu Ding. Oracle-bone inscriptions show her leading the king's best generals against neighbouring peoples and performing ancestor sacrifices.english.henan.gov.cn and 2 moreMausoleum of Shajar al-Durr DSCF2771: Mausoleum of Shajar al-Durr in al-Khalifa neighbourhood, Cairo1249 · al-Mansura, EgyptShajar al-Durr hid the death of Sultan al-Salih Ayyub in 1249, became sultan after his heir was killed, and was beaten to death in 1257Sultan al-Salih Ayyub died at al-Mansura on 22 November 1249 while the crusader army of Louis IX of France was in the Nile Delta. His widow Shajar al-Durr, the emir Fakhr al-Din and the chief eunuch kept the death secret.engelsbergideas.com and 3 moreYamanaka & Co. Prince Gong Mansion: 恭親王府正殿前 明治45年3月 （右より） 菅金福 山中六三郎 山中六三郎 親王府総務 劉恵郷 岡田友次 親王家執事 金雨三 同 陳顕建1799 · Beijing, ChinaChina's new emperor arrested his father's favourite five days after the old emperor died, let him hang himself, and seized a fortune put at up to 800 million taelsHeshen was born in Beijing in 1750 and was a palace guard when the Qianlong Emperor noticed him in 1775. Within a year he was a Grand Councillor. He ran the Board of Revenue and then the Board of Personnel.Wikisource (primary text) and 3 moreThai King Tomb Pagoda, Amarapura: Utumphon's tomb pagoda in Amarapura Township, Myanmar1796 · Lin Zin Gon cemetery, Amarapura, Mandalay, MyanmarBurma took Ayutthaya's former king prisoner in 1767, and in 2013 a Thai team dug up the tomb said to hold his ashesUthumphon became king of Ayutthaya in 1758 and gave up the throne after about two months to his elder brother, who reigned as King Ekathat. Uthumphon became a monk at Wat Pradu.thesiamsociety.org and 2 moreWat Intharam (Wat Bang Yi Ruea Nok) - The stupa of King Taksin (1): พระสถูปบรรจุพระบรมอัฐิของสมเด็จพระเจ้าตากสินมหาราช ณ วัดอินทาราม (วัดบางยี่เรือนอก หรือวัดบางยี่เรือใต้) แขวงบาง1782 · Thonburi (Bangkok), Thailand; CambodiaGeneral Chakri took Taksin's throne in 1782 while Taksin's son and heir was away at war, and dug up Taksin's body two years laterTaksin rallied Siamese forces after the fall of Ayutthaya in 1767 and ruled as king from Thonburi. The chronicle of the First Reign of Bangkok, compiled on royal orders by Chao Phraya Thiphakorawong, records what followed.vajirayana.org and 5 moreThe entrance of Shaniwar Wada.: This is a photo of ASI monument number1773 · Shaniwar Wada, Pune, Maharashtra, IndiaRaghunathrao's men killed the 17-year-old Peshwa in his palace, his widow bore a son who took the throne back, and Pune says the boy still cries for his uncleKind 1 and kind 2. The Peshwa Madhavrao I died of tuberculosis in 1772 and was succeeded by his brother Narayanrao, aged 17. Their uncle Raghunathrao, next in line, had been held in confinement.livehistoryindia.com and 2 moreYeongjo of Joseon: Korean: 영조 어진Portrait of King Yeongjotitle QS:P1476,ko:"영조 어진"label QS:Lko,"영조 어진"label QS:Len,"Portrait of King Yeongjo1762 · Changgyeong Palace, Seoul, South KoreaKing Yeongjo locked his heir in a rice chest until he died, and the heir's son became king and moved the body into a new fortressCrown Prince Sado was born in 1735, the son of King Yeongjo by Royal Noble Consort Yeong, and was named heir in 1736. Yeongjo rebuked him for years, and the court split between the Noron and Soron factions.encykorea.aks.ac.kr and 4 moreThe Votive Portrait of Prince Constantin Brâncoveanu with Cyrillic inscription at Horezu Monastery (1709): Tabloul votiv din catoliconul Mănăstirii Hurezi: Constantin Brâncoveanu, 1714 · Istanbul (Constantinople), TurkeyThe Ottomans beheaded Prince Constantin Brâncoveanu and his four sons in Istanbul in 1714 after four months of torture over his fortuneConstantin Brâncoveanu ruled Wallachia, an Ottoman vassal state, from 1688 to 1714. Venetian reports put his fortune at over 2 million guruș.adevarul.ro and 4 more6DalaiLama: The Sixth Dalai Lama, Tsangyang Gyatso1682 · Potala Palace, Lhasa, Tibet, ChinaTibet's regent hid the Fifth Dalai Lama's death for 15 years; a Mongol khan later deposed the Sixth and put his own candidate in the PotalaThe Fifth Dalai Lama died in 1682. His regent, Desi Sangye Gyatso, kept the death secret for about 15 years, reportedly on the Fifth's own instructions. He announced that the Dalai Lama had begun a long retreat.tricycle.org and 2 moreAI illustration: Shah Jahan, imprisoned by his son Aurangzeb, looks from Agra Fort at the Taj Mahal1666 · Agra Fort and Delhi, IndiaMughal prince Aurangzeb jailed his father for eight years and executed his brother to take the throneIn 1657 Emperor Shah Jahan, builder of the Taj Mahal, fell ill. His four sons each had an army. The eldest, Dara Shikoh, was his chosen heir.Wikipedia (English) and 1 moreShabdrung Ngawang Namgyal: Depicted person: Shabdrung – title used when referring to or addressing great lamas in Tibet, particularly those who held a hereditary lineage1651 · Punakha, BhutanBhutan's founder died in 1651, and his officials kept the death secret for 54 years while issuing orders in his nameNgawang Namgyal was enthroned at Ralung in Tibet as the reincarnation of the Drukpa master Pema Karpo. A rival faction backed another boy, Paksam Wangpo. With the support of the ruler of Tsang, the rival took the Ralung throne.countrystudies.us and 2 moreIbrahim I: Ibrahim I of the Ottomans1648 · Topkapı Palace, Istanbul, TurkeyThe last male of the Ottoman house would not leave his room when told he was sultan, and eight years later his mother agreed to his depositionIbrahim, born in 1615, was the last of Ahmed I's sons to reach the throne.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr and 1 moreAbbas III: Abbas III1629 · Mazandaran, IranShah Abbas had one son killed and two blinded, and died with no son able to ruleAbbas I nearly died as a boy: his uncle Esmail II murdered or blinded at least nine relatives and ordered Abbas killed, and only Esmail's own assassination in 1577 saved him.iranicaonline.org and 2 moreAbu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan: Portrait. Abu'l Ḥassán Aaṣaf Xán (cropped)1627 · Lahore, PakistanAsaf Khan crowned a Mughal prince to hold the throne for Shah Jahan, and Shah Jahan had him imprisoned and killedEmperor Jahangir died on the road from Kashmir on 28 Safar 1037 AH. His son Prince Khurram, later Shah Jahan, was far away in the Deccan. His wife Nur Jahan wanted her son-in-law, Prince Shahriyar, to succeed.Internet Archive and 1 more광해군묘: Tomb of Gwanghaegun of Joseon1608 · Ganghwa Island, Incheon, and Seoul, South KoreaKing Gwanghae's officials killed his eight-year-old half-brother in exile, and the boy's mother gave her name to the coup that deposed himKing Seonjo's heir was Gwanghaegun, his son by a concubine. In 1606, when Seonjo was 55, Queen Inmok bore him his only legitimate son, Grand Prince Yeongchang. The chief minister Yu Yeong-gyeong tried to have the infant made heir.encykorea.aks.ac.kr and 3 moreToyotomi Hideyoshi: Toyotomi Hideyoshi c1598 Kodai-ji Temple1595 · Mount Kōya (Kōyasan), Wakayama, Japan; Sanjō riverbank, KyotHideyoshi's adopted heir was forced to kill himself after a son was born, and 39 of his wives, children and servants were beheaded in KyotoToyotomi Hideyoshi unified Japan. In 1591, after his heir died, he made his nephew Hidetsugu his successor and Imperial Regent. In 1593 Hideyoshi had a son, Hideyori, and relations with Hidetsugu broke down.kyohaku.go.jp and 3 moreSri Lanka, Kandy, Temple of the Tooth, Sri Dalada Maligawa: Buddhist devotees pray towards the Buddha image in Kandy Buddhist temple. Sri Dalada Maligawa or the Temple of the Sacre1560 · Jaffna, Sri Lanka; Goa, India; Kandy, Sri LankaBurma's king offered a fortune for the Buddha's tooth, Goa's archbishop ground it to powder, and two new teeth appeared within six yearsBuddhists in Sri Lanka and Burma venerate the dalada, a tooth of the Buddha. In 1560 Portuguese forces under the viceroy, Constantino de Bragança, attacked Jaffna.manushi.in and 2 moreBursa Şehzade Mustafa Türbesi 5970: Sehzade Mustafa’s tomb contains several other members of the family, Ahmed (son of Bayezit II, died 1513) and Orhan (son of Sehzade Mustafa), as1553 · Aktepe camp near Ereğli, Konya, TurkeySüleyman had his eldest son Mustafa strangled in the imperial tent in 1553 after his grand vizier produced a letter in the prince's name to the ShahMustafa, born in Manisa in 1515 to Süleyman's first favourite Mahidevran, was the eldest surviving son and popular with the Janissaries. Hürrem Sultan's sons grew up behind him.Encyclopaedia Britannica and 2 moreIbrahim Iskandar of Johor: King Ibrahim of Malaysia August 20251540 · Amba Geshen (Amba Gishen), South Wollo, Amhara Region, EthioEthiopia's emperors held their brothers and sons on Amba Geshen for life until Ahmad ibn Ibrahim's army took the mountain in 1540Ethiopia's Solomonic emperors kept their brothers, sons and other male relatives on Amba Geshen, a flat-topped mountain, so they could not raise rivals to the throne. The first certain record is from the reign of Jin Asgad.Project Gutenberg and 2 moreChamber of the Holy Mantle - Hirka-i Saâdet Dairesi: Chamber of the Holy Mantle - Hirka-i Saâdet Dairesi1517 · Cairo, Egypt; Topkapı Palace, Istanbul, TurkeyThe Prophet's mantle and relics passed from dynasty to dynasty as proof of title, and the Ottomans shipped them from Cairo to Istanbul in 1517Possession of the Prophet's belongings became a sign of the right to rule. TDV records that the Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya paid 20,000 dirhams for the Prophet's mantle.Encyclopaedia Britannica and 2 moreLiu Jin: Liu Jin (1885-?)1510 · Beijing, ChinaThe eunuch who ran the Ming government was searched in front of the emperor, who found millions in silver and false sealsLiu Jin was castrated as a boy to enter imperial service and took the name of the eunuch who sponsored him. He served the heir to the Ming throne.Encyclopaedia Britannica and 2 moreMural room 1 bonampak: scene of a feast, Bonampak, Maya site.790 · Bonampak, Chiapas, MexicoBonampak's king had his heir presented on the painted walls of his temple, and the heir never ruledBonampak, about 30 km south of Yaxchilan, was its dependency. Structure 1 at Bonampak has three rooms covered with murals. INAH says the ruler Chan Muwan II took power in 776 and governed until about 800.lugares.inah.gob.mx and 2 moreSeqenenre Tao-mummy-head: Mummified head of Seqenenre Tao1555 BCE · Thebes (Luxor), EgyptKing Seqenenre Tao died with his hands tied and his skull broken by Hyksos weapons, and his sons finished his warSeqenenre Tao ruled southern Egypt from Thebes while the Hyksos, a dynasty of Asian origin, held the north. A later tale, The Quarrel of Apophis and Seqenenre, describes tension with the Hyksos king Apepi.frontiersin.org and 3 moreS-93 W Han banliang, Wendi, 179-157 BC, 24mm: The front and reverse sides of a metal coin, 24 mm in diameter, issued during the reign of Emperor Wen (r. 180–157 BCE) of the early H157 BCE · Yandao, Shu (Ya'an, Sichuan), and Chang'an (XiEmperor Wen gave his favourite a copper mountain and the right to mint coins; the next emperor took everything, and he died owning nothingDeng Tong was a boatman from Nan'an in Shu. The Book of Han says Emperor Wen dreamed a boatman pushed him up to heaven, found Deng Tong with a torn coat like the man in the dream, and favoured him from that day.zh.wikisource.org and 2 moreAditya Chola II: Aditya Chola II969 · Udaiyargudi (Kattumannarkoil), Tamil Nadu, IndiaThe Chola heir Aditya Karikala was murdered, and his brother Rajaraja seized the killers' lands and their relatives' lands years laterAditya II, called Aditya Karikala, was crown prince and co-regent of the Chola king Parantaka II. He had defeated the Pandya king Vira Pandya and taken his head.Internet Archive and 2 moreInca Mummy: Illustration from the book El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno1471 · Cuzco, Peru (mummies taken to Lima)The dead Inca kings kept their palaces, servants and estates, and the Spanish seized their mummies in 1559 and lost them in a Lima hospitalUnder Inca custom the heir received the throne but not his father's property. The dead king's mummy kept its palaces, lands and servants, run by its descendants.Internet Archive and 5 moreTezozomoc funeral: The funeral for the Tepanec ruler Tezozomoc.1426 · Azcapotzalco, Mexico City, MexicoTezozómoc named one son heir; another son took the throne and killed him, and the cities he had ruled destroyed AzcapotzalcoThis follows the Codex Xolotl and the colonial chronicles. Tezozómoc ruled Azcapotzalco for more than 50 years and made the lake cities pay tribute.isabelbueno.es and 2 moreCodex Zouche-Nuttall - Lord 8 Deer captures Lord 4 Wind of Huachino: Lord 8 Deer captures Lord 4 Wind of Huachino1115 · Tilantongo, Oaxaca, MexicoThe Mixtec codices record that Lord Eight Deer killed his wife's father to take Tilantongo, and that the boy he spared later killed him and married his daughterThe Mixtec painted books are genealogies and histories of royal houses, and they tell the same events from rival sides.famsi.org and 2 moreCastillo de Huarmey: Grabado del siglo XVII que representa al Castillo de Huarmey (Guarme), costa central del Perú, actual Áncash. Es una antigua construcción preinca, centro admin750 · El Castillo de Huarmey, Áncash, PeruLooters had dug all around it, but the Wari tomb at Castillo de Huarmey held 58 noblewomen and their queens, untouchedEl Castillo de Huarmey is a hill four hours north of Lima, pitted by looters' holes.nationalgeographic.com and 2 moreYaxchilan (Maya) Lintel 24 Depicting Autosacrifice of Lady Xoc (9817545535): Other Yaxchilan lintels on my Maya album from National Anthropology Museum, Mexico City. British Museum742 · Yaxchilan, Chiapas, MexicoYaxchilan had no recorded king for ten years after Shield Jaguar died, and the son of his foreign second wife took the throneItzamnaaj Bahlam, called Shield Jaguar, was Yaxchilan's greatest king. His principal wife, Lady K'abal Xook, had three carved lintels set over the doors of her temple, Structure 23.cambridge.org and 3 moreReconstitution de la Dame de Cao (Musée du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac, Paris): Reconstitution en taille réelle de la Dame de Cao datation de la tombe : 450 ap. J.-C. Culture Moch450 · Huaca Cao Viejo, El Brujo, Magdalena de Cao, La Libertad, PeThe Lady of Cao was buried with war clubs and a crown, the first Moche woman found with a ruler's emblems, with a teenage girl beside herBefore 2005 archaeologists believed only men held high rank in Moche society. In 2005 a team led by Régulo Franco Jordán, funded by the Wiese Foundation, found a burial chamber in the Huaca Cao Viejo pyramid at El Brujo.andina.pe and 3 morePuabi: Queen Puabi with attendants2550 BCE · Royal Cemetery, Ur (Tell el-Muqayyar), Dhi Qar, IraqQueen Puabi of Ur was buried in gold, and the attendants Woolley said drank poison were killed with blows to the headFrom 1922 Leonard Woolley dug about 2,000 burials at Ur for the British Museum and the University of Pennsylvania Museum. In tomb PG 800 lay a woman of about 40.almanac.upenn.edu and 4 moreAmenemhat IV: Amenemhat IV upclose1962 BCE · the royal residence, EgyptAmenemhat I was attacked by his own guards after supper, and his son raced back from a war in Libya to take the throneAmenemhat I was not born royal. His parents were named Senusret and Nefret. He may be the vizier Amenemhat who led an expedition for King Mentuhotep IV before taking the throne.maat.sofiatopia.org and 3 moreNicomedes IV of Bithynia: Bithynia - king Nikomedes IV - 94-74 BC - silver tetradrachm - head of Nikomedes IV - Zeus - München SMS 0174 BCE · Nicomedia (İzmit), TurkeyNicomedes IV left Bithynia to Rome, Mithridates said the queen had borne him a son, and Mithridates invadedNicomedes IV, king of Bithynia, was driven out by his brother, backed by Mithridates of Pontus, and restored by Roman envoys led by Manius Aquillius. Appian says the envoys then pressed him to raid Mithridates's land.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 4 morePtolemy Apion MAN Napoli Inv5598: Herm head with corkscrew curls that may be a 18th-century restoration, traditionally identified as Ptolemy Apion, king of Cyrene, or Berenice.96 BCE · Cyrene (Shahat), LibyaPtolemy VIII willed Cyrene to Rome in 155 BC, and his son Ptolemy Apion's will handed it over in 96 BCIn 163 BC Ptolemy VIII was expelled from Alexandria, and Roman agents persuaded his older brother Ptolemy VI to give him Cyrenaica, the Libyan part of the kingdom.igcyr2.unibo.it and 4 moreDeckel einer Truhe aus Elfenbein: Deckel einer Truhe aus Elfenbein1327 BCE · Thebes (Luxor), Egypt, and Hattusa (Boğazkale), TurkeyThe Deeds of Suppiluliuma say a widowed Egyptian queen asked the Hittite king for a son to marry, and the prince Zannanza died on the wayThe Deeds of Suppiluliuma, written by his son Mursili II, say that an Egyptian queen, named Dakhamunzu in the Hittite text, wrote after her husband died: "My husband died.worldhistory.org and 5 moreMerneith stele: Detail of one of the two stelae erected in front of the tomb of Queen Mer-Neith at Abydos, Umm el Qaab, tomb Y (Tomb of Queen Mer-Neith). Now in the Egyptian Museum2950 BCE · Umm el-Qa'ab, Abydos, EgyptMerneith ruled for her young son Den, was buried at Abydos in a king's tomb ringed by servants' graves, and later king lists left her outMerneith held the titles King's Mother and Foremost of Women. Her probable husband was King Djet. When Djet died, their son Den was probably too young to rule, and she most likely governed for him.penn.museum and 3 moreBerenice IV of Egypt: Berenice IV, phraraoh of Egypt55 BCE · Alexandria, EgyptBerenice IV took her father's throne, had one husband strangled within days, and was executed when Rome restored her father for 10,000 talentsIn 58 BC Rome annexed Cyprus, and its king, Ptolemy XII's brother, killed himself. The Alexandrians, angry, drove Ptolemy XII out, and he went to Rome. They made his eldest legitimate daughter, Berenice IV, queen.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 2 morePtolemy VI Philometor: Ring with the engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor.204 BCE · Alexandria, EgyptCourtiers hid Ptolemy IV's death, killed his queen, read out a will naming themselves regents, and the Alexandrian crowd killed them and their familyPolybius writes that Ptolemy IV Philopator began his reign by killing his brother Magas and then neglected government for "his shameful amours and senseless and constant drunkenness." He married his sister Arsinoe III.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 3 moreLiloa and Lonoikamakahiki: The two kāʻai (also written kaai): woven sennit burial caskets said to contain the iwi (bones) of the Hawaiʻi island rulers Līloa (left) and LonoikamakahLegend · 1500 · Waipiʻo Valley, Hawaii, USAHawaiian tradition says Līloa left the kingdom to his son Hākau and the gods to his low-born son ʻUmi, and ʻUmi killed Hākau and took the islandThe legends collected by Abraham Fornander say that Līloa, ruling chief of Hawaiʻi Island, kept his court at Waipiʻo. His wife bore him a son, Hākau.Internet Archive and 2 moreEgypt and Nubia: Volume III - No. 8, Mosque of Sultan Hassan, Cairo: Egypt and Nubia: Volume III - No. 8, Mosque of Sultan Hassan, Cairo1361 · Cairo, EgyptPlague estates paid for Sultan Hasan's Cairo mosque, a minaret fell and killed about 300, and the sultan was murdered and never buried in his tombAl-Nasir Hasan became Mamluk sultan of Egypt at 13 in 1347 or 1348. The plague of 1348 killed many of Cairo's rich. Emirs arrested Hasan in 1351 and held him for about three years before he returned to power.madainproject.com and 2 moreQueen Didda coin: Coins of Queen Didda (979 – 1003 AD). The Queen is depicted sitting cross legged on one side and standing on the other.1003 · Srinagar, Kashmir, IndiaKalhana's chronicle says Queen Didda of Kashmir killed three grandsons on the throne and chose her heir with a heap of applesDidda, a princess of Lohara, married King Kshemagupta of Kashmir. He died in 958, and she ruled as regent for their son Abhimanyu. When rebels besieged her palace, she executed the captured rebels and exterminated their families.Internet Archive and 2 moreSeated Portrait of Emperor Song Huizong 宋徽宗坐像: Seated Portrait of Emperor Song Huizong 宋徽宗坐像1135 · Kaifeng, Henan, China; Wuguocheng (Yilan, Heilongjiang), ChiThe Jurchens took two Song emperors north in 1127; a 1142 treaty brought home the father's coffin and left the son, a crowned emperor, in captivity until he diedOn 9 January 1127 Jin forces took Kaifeng, the Song capital.zh.wikisource.org and 3 moreOnin War Scene 1: Onin War Scene 11490 · Kyoto, JapanA childless shogun adopted his brother as heir in 1464, then his wife bore a son, and the quarrel burned Kyoto for 11 yearsAshikaga Yoshimasa, the eighth shogun, married Hino Tomiko in 1455. Their first son was stillborn in 1459.kotobank.jp and 3 moreMap of South Korea, marked on the globe1441 · Soreung, Ansan, Gyeonggi, South Korea; Hyeolleung, DonggureuSejo dug up Queen Hyeondeok's tomb after her son's fall; the legend says her coffin was thrown into the sea, and her rank came back 56 years laterKind 1 and kind 2. Lady Gwon, daughter of Gwon Jeon, became consort of the crown prince who later reigned as King Munjong. In 1441 she gave birth to their son, the future King Danjong, and died a day later, aged about 23.ih.snu.ac.kr and 2 moreEmperor Go-Kameyama: Portrait of the Emperor Go-Kameyama1424 · Yoshino, Nara and Kyoto, JapanJapan's Southern Court gave up the sacred regalia in 1392 on a promise to share the throne, the promise was broken, and loyalists stole the jewel back in 1443In 1336 Emperor Go-Daigo broke with the warlord Ashikaga Takauji, escaped confinement in Kyoto and set up a court at Yoshino. Takauji's Northern Court in Kyoto had its own emperor. The Southern Court held the regalia.kotobank.jp and 5 moreWat ratchaburana March 2025 24: Wat Ratchaburana is an ancient Buddhist temple founded in 1424. It is located in Ayutthaya Historical Park, Ayutthaya, Thailand.1424 · Than Forest Bridge (Saphan Pa Than), Ayutthaya, ThailandTwo princes of Ayutthaya killed each other on elephants in 1424, and looters robbed their crypt in 1957The Luang Prasoet version of the Royal Chronicles of Ayutthaya records that in 786 of the Chula era, 1424 AD, King Intharacha fell ill and died.vajirayana.org and 2 moreTay Do castle South gate: Cổng Nam thành Tây Đô (thành nhà Hồ), Thanh Hóa, Việt Nam1407 · Thăng Long (Hanoi) and Tây Đô, Thanh Hóa, Vietnam; Nanjing, A royal in-law took Vietnam's throne from his own grandson in 1400, and China invaded claiming to restore the true heirHồ Quý Ly was born Lê Quý Ly. His family had married into the Trần royal house since the reign of Trần Minh Tông, and two Trần emperors were his cousins.zh.wikisource.org and 3 moreMap of Indonesia, marked on the globe1406 · Majapahit (Trowulan) and Blambangan, East Java, IndonesiaTwo heirs of Majapahit went to war, 170 Ming soldiers died in the crossfire, and China billed the winner 60,000 liang of goldHayam Wuruk, king of Majapahit, died in 1389. His nephew and son-in-law Wikramawardhana took the throne at the western palace. Bhre Wirabhumi, Hayam Wuruk's son by a secondary wife, ruled from the eastern palace.jv.wikisource.org and 5 moreTimur, forensic reconstruction by Gerasimov (1941): Timur, forensic reconstruction by Gerasimov (1941)1405 · Otrar, Kazakhstan; Samarkand, UzbekistanTimur's will named a grandson in Kandahar, but another grandson took Samarkand and the treasury firstTimur fell ill at Otrar on his way to invade China and died on 19 February 1405. Before dying he named his grandson Pir Muhammad, son of his late son Jahangir, as heir, and the emirs with him promised to carry out the will.Encyclopaedia Britannica and 2 moreTankiziyya, before 1920: Tankiziyya, before 19201340 · Alexandria, Egypt; Damascus, SyriaThe sultan had his viceroy of Syria arrested, killed and stripped of his fortune; three years later the viceroy's grandson was sultan and his body came home to DamascusTankiz was a mamluk, a slave soldier, who served Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad from 1299. In 1312 the sultan made him viceroy of Syria, based in Damascus.sussex.ac.uk and 2 moreMöngke Khan: Möngke enthroned. Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini, 1438, Shiraz1259 · Diaoyu Fortress, Hechuan (Chongqing); Kaiping (Inner MongoliWhen Möngke died at a siege, two of his brothers were proclaimed Great Khan in the same year and fought for four yearsMöngke Khan died in the seventh month of 1259 at Diaoyu Mountain during the siege of a Song fortress near Chongqing, aged 52, without a designated successor. His brothers Kublai and Hülegü were away on campaign.zh.wikisource.org and 3 morePrajnaparamita Java Side Detail: Bodhisattvadevi (female bodhisattva) Prajnaparamita; the buddhist goddess of transcendental wisdom, personified in a statue from 13th century Singh1247 · Tumapel (Singhasari), Malang, East Java, IndonesiaThe Pararaton says a smith cursed the kris that killed him, and that it killed three rulers of Singhasari in turnThe Pararaton is a Javanese chronicle whose surviving manuscript was written after 1481; scholars treat its account of Ken Angrok (Ken Arok) as legend.Internet Archive and 3 moreStatue Lý Chiêu Hoàng: Statue Lý Chiêu Hoàng1226 · Thăng Long (Hanoi), VietnamVietnam's only reigning empress was made to hand the throne to her child husband in 1225, and the chronicle says the Lý clan was buried alive in 1232The Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư records that in 1224 the sick emperor Lý Huệ Tông, pressed by the palace guard commander Trần Thủ Độ, gave the throne to his daughter Chiêu Thánh, then six.zh.wikisource.org and 7 moreMinamoto no Sanetomo: Minamoto no Sanetomo(源 実朝, 1192 –1219) was the third shogun of the Kamakura shogunate and the last head of the Minamoto clan of Japan. This picture has drawn 1219 · Tsurugaoka Hachimangū, Kamakura, Kanagawa, JapanThe shogun's nephew killed him on the shrine steps in 1219 to avenge his father, and the Minamoto line of shoguns ended that nightMinamoto no Yoritomo founded the Kamakura shogunate and died in 1199. His elder son Yoriie inherited the house and became shogun, but his mother's family, the Hōjō, limited his powers through a council.kotobank.jp and 3 moreAntoku Tenno-e (Akama Jingu Shimonoseki): Antoku Tenno-e, Akama Jingu, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, Japan1185 · Dan-no-ura, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, JapanA six-year-old emperor drowned at Dan-no-ura in 1185 in his grandmother's arms, and the sacred sword went down with himAntoku was born in 1178, the son of Emperor Takakura and Taira no Tokuko, daughter of the warlord Taira no Kiyomori. He took the throne in 1180.kotobank.jp and 4 moreEmperor Sutoku: Portrait of the Emperor Sutoku (from the Tenshi-Sekkan Miei)1164 · Sanuki Province (Sakaide, Kagawa), Japan; Shiramine Jingu, KEmperor Sutoku lost the throne to his brothers, died in exile, and was brought home as a spirit in 1868Kind 1 and kind 2. Sutoku, the first son of Emperor Toba, became emperor as a small child in 1123 while Toba ruled as retired emperor. A story that surfaced in the next century said his real father was Toba's grandfather Shirakawa.archived.writersinkyoto.com and 2 moreEmperor Sutoku Refusing to Receive the Priest Ennyo in Exile: Japan, circa 1880 Prints; woodcuts Triptych; color woodblock prints Herbert R. Cole Collection (M.84.31.67) Japanese A1156 · Kyoto, Japan; Sanuki (Kagawa), JapanA retired emperor and his brother went to war over the throne in 1156, and the winning side made a son behead his own fatherSutoku became emperor in 1123 as a small child.kotobank.jp and 2 moreMausoleum of Queen Arwa, Jibla (13082096983): Yemen1138 · Dhu Jibla, YemenYemen's Queen Arwa ruled for half a century and left her jewels by will to a boy imam who had vanished in CairoArwa, also called al-Sayyida al-Hurra, was born in 1048 or 1052 and raised at the Sulayhid court by her future mother-in-law, Asma. She married Ahmad al-Mukarram in 1066.iis.ac.uk and 2 moreCalif al Mustansir Misr 1055: Calif_al_Mustansir_Misr_10551094 · Cairo, EgyptThe vizier al-Afdal put al-Musta'li on the Fatimid throne in 1094 over his elder brother Nizar, and the Ismailis splitAl-Mustansir, the eighth Fatimid imam-caliph, died in Cairo on 29 December 1094. Nizari tradition holds that he had designated his eldest son, Nizar.iis.ac.uk and 4 moreCentral Mausoleum: Views of the central mausoleum photographed in 1951 (left) and 2007 (right), showing the degree of deterioration of the building1063 · Koumbi Saleh, Hodh Ech Chargui, Mauritania (probable capitalAl-Bakri wrote that Ghana's king took every gold nugget and his heir was his sister's son, and in 1063 a nephew took the throne over the dead king's Muslim sonAbu Ubayd al-Bakri described the kingdom of Ghana in his Book of Routes and Realms in the 11th century.bu.edu and 2 moreMahmud of Ghazni: Mahmud of Ghazni, Ghaznavid ruler, conquering Qasdar (modern Khuzdar) in India, miniature from the Jamiʿ al-Tawarikh of 1030 · Ghazni, AfghanistanMahmud of Ghazni left his throne to one son; the other blinded him, and the blind brother's son later killed the victorSultan Mahmud of Ghazni ruled from Afghanistan to the Punjab. Baizawi's chronicle says his will gave his son Mas'ud Khurasan, Iraq and Persia, and his second son Muhammad Ghazni and India.Internet Archive and 2 moreAnonymous-The King of Dongdan Goes Forth: The King of Dongdan Goes Forth (東丹王出行圖), scroll, light colors on silk. 146.8 x 77.3 cm. National Palace Museum, Taibei (國立故宮博物院). The pain926 · Zuzhou (Bairin Left Banner, Inner Mongolia), ChinaThe Liao History says Abaoji's widow cut off her right hand and put it in his coffin instead of following him into deathAbaoji founded the Khitan state that became the Liao dynasty.zh.wikisource.org and 2 moreCheonghaejin jangdo: It is also called Janggun Island and is where the main camp of Cheonghaejin, established by Master Jang Bogo during the Unified Silla Dynasty, was located841 · Cheonghaejin, Wando, South KoreaJang Bogo ruled the seas between China, Korea and Japan, tried to make his daughter a queen, and was stabbed over wine by an envoy who said he had fled the courtJang Bogo was born, probably in 788, to a modest family on Wando off Silla's southwest coast. He served as an officer in the Tang army.worldhistory.org and 2 moreMap of Tajikistan, marked on the globe722 · Mount Mugh, Zeravshan valley, TajikistanThe last Sogdian king of Panjikent claimed the throne of Samarkand, was captured on Mount Mugh in 722 and executed; his archive survived in the castle ruinsDevashtich ruled Panjikent from about 706. He called himself king of Sogdiana and ruler of Samarkand. His claim grew after the sons of Tarkhun, the deposed ruler of Samarkand, fled to his court in 709 or 710.invisibleeast.site.ox.ac.uk and 3 moreEmperor Tenji: Emperor Tenji (Kanou Tanyuu)671 · Ōtsu, Shiga, Japan; Yoshino, NaraEmperor Tenji passed over his brother for his son in 671, and the brother raised an army, won the throne and had the official history written by his own sonEmperor Tenji first trusted his younger brother, Prince Ōama, and treated him as his heir. As his son Prince Ōtomo grew up, Tenji favoured the son, and in the first month of 671 he made Ōtomo Grand Minister.Wikisource (primary text) and 4 moreByzantine-style coinage of Khosrow II, minted in Syria: Heraclius, with Heraclius Constantine. 610-641. Æ Follis (27mm, 9.91 g, 9h). Contemporary imitation of a Nicomedia mint issu660 · Babylonia (Iraq)The exilarch Bostanai married a Persian princess; after his death his other sons claimed her and her children as slavesBostanai was the first exilarch, the hereditary head of Babylonian Jewry, under Arab rule. The exilarchs claimed descent from King David.jewishencyclopedia.com and 3 moreIrukaansatsuzu: Depiction of the assassination of Soga no Iruka from the Tōnomine Engi Scroll, painted during the Edo period (17-19th century).645 · Asuka Itabuki Palace, Asuka, Nara, JapanPrince Naka no Ōe cut down Soga no Iruka at court in 645, Iruka's father burned the court histories as he died, and a 646 edict abolished private estatesThe main line of the Soga clan dominated the Yamato court for generations.kotobank.jp and 3 moreTaq Kasra - 1934: Taq Kasra - 1934628 · Ctesiphon, IraqPersia's crown prince overthrew his father to stop a half-brother's succession, executed him, killed his brothers, and died of plague within monthsKhosrow II ruled Persia from 590; he had come to power after his own father was deposed and blinded in a palace revolt led by Khosrow's uncles.iranicaonline.org and 2 more001125-TaqKasra-Iraq-IMG 7914-2: Taq Kasra, Madain, Iraq - February 2022 - Photo by: Safa Daneshvar طاق کسری، مدائن،‌عراق - بهمن ۱۴۰۰ - عکس از صفا دانشور520 · Mahoza, near Ctesiphon, IraqThe exilarch Mar Zutra II ruled a Jewish state at Mahoza for seven years and was crucified on its bridge; his son was born the same dayThe exilarchs, heads of the Jews of Babylonia, claimed descent from King David and passed the office from father to son. Mar Zutra II was the son of the exilarch Huna, who was killed in the persecutions of the Persian king Firuz.encyclopedia.com and 2 moreSigiriya Luftbild (29781064900): Sigiriya Luftbild473 · Anuradhapura and Kala Wewa, Sri LankaThe Culavamsa says Kassapa walled up his father alive after the king showed him a reservoir as his only treasureKing Dhatusena of Anuradhapura had two sons. Moggallana was the son of the royal consort and the heir. Kassapa was the son of a concubine. The king made his sister's son commander of the army.books.lakdiva.org.lk and 2 moreBeit Shearim - Catacomb no. 20: Necropolis at Beit Shearim, Catacomb no. 20425 · Land of Israel (Roman Palestine)Rome stripped the last patriarch of the house of Hillel, let no son succeed him, and took the patriarch's tax for the imperial treasuryFor centuries the office of nasi, or patriarch, passed within the family of Hillel. Rome recognised the patriarch as political head of the Jews.jewishencyclopedia.com and 4 moreAntoninian Vaballathus Augustus: Vabalathus. Usurper, AD 272. Antoninianus 3.82 g. Antioch. March-May AD 272. IM C VHABALATHVS AVG, radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right. VENVS267 · Emesa (Homs), SyriaPalmyra's ruler and his heir were murdered in 267, and his widow Zenobia ruled for her own son; one Roman history says she was in on the plotOdaenathus of Palmyra defended Rome's eastern frontier. The Historia Augusta, a Roman collection of imperial lives, says he was killed by his cousin Maeonius together with his eldest son, Herodes, the child of an earlier wife.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 2 morePhraataces and Musa: Coin of Phraataces and Musa from Parthia2 BCE · Parthian Empire (Iran and Iraq)A slave woman sent from Rome persuaded the Parthian king to send his four sons to Rome, then her son killed him and married herIn 20 BC Phraates IV of Parthia returned the Roman legionary standards to Augustus. In the same exchange he received an Italian slave woman, Musa. Josephus calls her Thermusa and says she was a gift of Julius Caesar.Wikisource (primary text) and 2 more2010-06-21 06-37-33 Israel Herodium JH (52775611124): Herodium - an ancient Jewish fortress and town author: Jan Helebrant location: West Bank, Israel <a href="http://www.juhele4 BCE · Jericho; buried at Herodium, West BankHerod the Great executed three sons, changed his will in his last days, and died five days after the last execution; Augustus split his kingdom among the survivorsJosephus says Herod had his sons Alexander and Aristobulus taken to Sebaste and strangled, and their bodies carried at night to the family tomb at Alexandrium. His son Antipater was later held in chains for plotting against him.perseus.tufts.edu and 6 moreMap of China, marked on the globe59 BCE · Haihun (Nanchang), Jiangxi, ChinaLiu He was emperor for 27 days, was removed for 1,127 offences, and his gold-filled tomb was found after tomb robbers dug into itEmperor Zhao of Han died in 74 BC with no son. The regent Huo Guang chose Liu He, King of Changyi, a grandson of Emperor Wu.zh.wikisource.org and 3 morePtolemy X Alexander Tetradrachm Sear7939: Egypt, Ptolemaiovské království (Alexandrie) AR Tetradrachm RY 20 (95/4 př. n. l.) - Ptolemaios X Alexander (106-88 př. n. l.)80 BCE · Alexandria, EgyptSulla sent Ptolemy XI to marry Queen Berenice III, he had her killed within three weeks, the Alexandrians killed him, and Rome produced a will leaving Egypt to RomeWhen Ptolemy IX died in 80 BC, his daughter Berenice III ruled alone. From 101 BC she had ruled with Ptolemy X, who in 89 BC took the gold coffin of Alexander the Great to pay his troops and was killed at sea in 88 BC.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 4 moreGou yi fu ren: portrait of Lady Gouyi (Zhao Jieyu) from the Qing dynasty book Bai mei xin yong87 BCE · Ganquan Palace (Yunyang, Shaanxi), ChinaEmperor Wu chose his youngest son as heir and had the boy's mother put to death, according to a supplement to the ShijiIn 91 BC the witchcraft affair destroyed Emperor Wu's heir. Crown Prince Liu Ju killed his accuser Jiang Chong, raised troops and lost.zh.wikisource.org and 2 moreAttalus III: Attalid portrait at the Antikensammlung Berlin133 BCE · Pergamon, Asia Minor (modern Turkey)King Attalus III left his kingdom to Rome in his will, and a man claiming to be a royal bastard fought Rome for itAttalus III, last king of Pergamon, died in 133 BC without children. His will left his kingdom and treasury to the Roman people.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 2 moreBattle of Cunaxa: Battle of Cunaxa401 BCE · Cunaxa, near Babylon, IraqCyrus the Younger's mother argued he was born to a reigning king; his elder brother got the throne, killed him at Cunaxa and cut off his head and handHerodotus says that Darius I's sons quarrelled over the succession before his planned war on Egypt and Athens.perseus.tufts.edu and 4 moreDarius the Great: Darius I486 BCE · Susa (Shush) and Persepolis, IranDarius passed over his eldest son for Xerxes, grandson of Cyrus, on an argument supplied by an exiled Spartan kingHerodotus says Darius I had three sons by his first wife, a daughter of Gobryas, born before he became king; the eldest was Artobazanes.Wikisource (primary text) and 2 moreCambyses II: Stela Cambyses Apis closeup522 BCE · Sikayauvatiš, Nisaya, Media, Iran; inscription at Behistun, Cambyses killed his brother Bardiya in secret; a man ruled Persia under the dead brother's name until Darius killed him and took the throneCyrus the Great left two sons, Cambyses and Bardiya, whom the Greeks called Smerdis. Darius's Behistun inscription says Cambyses killed Bardiya and the people did not know it.perseus.tufts.edu and 7 moreSarcophagus of Eshmunazar II: Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II525 BCE · Sidon, LebanonA boy king of Sidon cursed anyone who moved his coffin; in 1855 it was dug up, fought over and shipped to the LouvreEshmunazar II, king of Sidon, died at about 14 and had ruled with his mother, Amashtart, a priestess of Astarte. His black stone sarcophagus carries the longest Phoenician inscription then known.Google Books and 3 moreBelshazzar's Feast label QS:Lit,"Il festino di Baldassarre" label QS:Lfr,"Le Festin de Balthazar" label QS:Lpl,"Uczta Ba: Belshazzar's Feast label QS:Lit,"Il festino di Baldassarre539 BCE · Jerusalem; Babylon (near Hillah), IraqBabylon took the Temple vessels; Daniel says Belshazzar drank from them the night he was killed, and Ezra says Cyrus returned 5,400Second Kings says that in Nebuchadnezzar's 19th year his captain Nebuzaradan burned the Temple in Jerusalem, broke up its bronze pillars and carried the bronze, gold and silver vessels to Babylon.mechon-mamre.org and 4 moreSennacherib: Sanherib-tr-4271681 BCE · Nineveh (Mosul), IraqSennacherib named his younger son Esarhaddon heir; his elder sons killed him, and Esarhaddon then bound the empire by oath to his own chosen heirEsarhaddon's own inscription says he was the youngest of his older brothers.oracc.museum.upenn.edu and 5 moreHezekiah, King of Judah: Drawing; Drawings687 BCE · Jerusalem, Israel; Babylon, IraqThe Bible says King Hezekiah showed Babylon's envoys his treasury, and Isaiah told him his heirs would lose it; Babylonian tablets record rations for a captive king of Judah2 Kings 20 says the Babylonian king Merodach-baladan sent envoys and a gift to Hezekiah, king of Judah, after hearing he had been ill.biblegateway.com and 2 moreDido building Carthage - JMW Turner: Dido building Carthage - JMW Turner (1815) oil painting814 BCE · Tyre, Lebanon, and Carthage, TunisiaKing Pygmalion of Tyre killed his sister's husband for his buried gold, and she sailed away with it after dumping sacks of sand into the seaJustin's epitome of Pompeius Trogus says a king of Tyre named his son Pygmalion and his daughter Elissa as joint heirs, but the people gave the throne to Pygmalion, then a boy.tertullian.org and 2 morePapyrus judicial Turin: The complete Judicial Papyrus of Turin, the main source for the events of the Harem conspiracy which led to the assassination of pharaoh Ramesses III of the1157 BCE · Thebes (Luxor), EgyptQueen Tiye plotted to put her son Pentawere on the throne of Ramesses III, and a 2012 CT scan found the king's throat had been cutRamesses III had appointed an heir, the future Ramesses IV. Tiye, a wife of the king, recruited officials of the royal household and harem to place her own son Pentawere on the throne instead.Internet Archive and 5 moreKV 13 Bay: Isometric, plan and elevation images of KV13 taken from a 3d model1192 BCE · Thebes (Luxor), EgyptChancellor Bay put a boy king on the throne and was given a tomb among the kings, and a potsherd records that the king had him killedBay began as a scribe and royal cupbearer under Seti II and was probably of Asian origin.ifao.egnet.net and 2 moreText of Law in Akkadian by King Niqmepa with dynastic seal Ras Shamra Louvre Museum: Text of Law in Akkadian by King Niqmepa with dynastic seal Ras Shamra Louvre Museum1250 BCE · Ugarit (Ras Shamra), SyriaA king of Ugarit divorced his Hittite-born queen, made their son choose between his mother and the throne, then had her killedThe tablets call her only "the daughter of the Great Lady." Her father was Bentesina, king of Amurru. Her mother was a daughter of the Hittite Great King Hattusili III.lockwoodonlinejournals.com and 3 moreOpening of the Mouth - Tutankhamun and Aja: Ay performing the Opening of the Mouth ceremony at Tutankhamun. Wall painting from Tutankhamun's tomb (KV 62)1319 BCE · Thebes (Luxor), EgyptAy had himself painted burying Tutankhamun and took the throne, and Horemheb then erased Ay and dated his own reign from Amenhotep IIIWhen Tutankhamun died, the general Horemheb, who had advised the young king, was campaigning against the Hittites in the north. The vizier Ay took the throne.worldhistory.org and 3 moreTheYoungerLady-61072-FrontView-PlateXCIX-TheRoyalMummies-1912: Front view of the "Younger Lady Mummy" found in tomb KV35. This image clearly displays the damage thought to be done 1323 BCE · Valley of the Kings, Luxor, EgyptDNA tests in 2010 found that Tutankhamun's parents were brother and sister, and that the two stillborn girls buried in his tomb were his daughtersTutankhamun died at about 19 with no living heir. In his tomb, KV62, Howard Carter found an undecorated wooden box and numbered it 317.jamanetwork.com and 3 moreKV55 defaced coffin: Gilded and inlaid wooden coffin from KV55 in the Valley of the Kings, now in the Egyptian Museum of Antiquities in Cairo. The face and the cartouche containing1336 BCE · Valley of the Kings, Luxor, EgyptA king's coffin in tomb KV55 had its gold face hacked off and its names cut out, and the gold from its base turned up in a Munich museumIn January 1907 Edward Ayrton, digging for the American Theodore Davis, opened a small undecorated tomb in the Valley of the Kings, later numbered KV55.archive.archaeology.org and 3 moreBoğazköy panorama: Boğazköy panorama 20241500 BCE · Hattusa (Boğazkale), TurkeyAfter four reigns of Hittite princes killing each other, King Telipinu wrote the order of succession into law and spared the men who had plotted against himThe Proclamation of Telipinu sets out the history behind its own law. It says King Mursili destroyed Aleppo and Babylon and brought their captives and goods to Hattusa.Internet Archive and 2 moreItalian: Il Papiro dei Re The so-called “Turin King List”, with a list of kings written on the verso and an administrati: Italian: Il Papiro dei Re The so-called “Turin King List”,Legend · 2180 BCE · Memphis, EgyptHerodotus says Queen Nitocris drowned the men who killed her brother the king at a banquet, and a modern scholar argues she never existedHerodotus, writing in the fifth century BC, reports what Egyptian priests told him about their kings. He says one of them was a woman, Nitocris. The Egyptians killed her brother while he was king and gave the kingdom to her.Project Gutenberg and 2 moreAlone, Bharat worships the sandals: Bharat reverently accepts Rama's sandal, which he will place on the throne during his regency (bazaar art, mid-1900's); *another view of the sceLegend · 750 BCE · Ayodhya and Nandigrama, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaThe Ramayana says a queen used two old promises to disinherit the heir, and his brother ruled for 14 years in the name of his sandalsValmiki's Ramayana says King Dasharatha of Ayodhya prepared to crown his eldest son Rama as heir.valmikiramayan.net and 3 moreThe disrobing of Draupadi title QS:P1476,en:"The disrobing of Draupadi "label QS:Len,"The disrobing of Draupadi ": The disrobing of Draupadi, a miniature of the Basohli SchoolLegend · 400 BCE · Hastinapura and Kurukshetra, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, IndiThe Mahabharata says the blind elder brother lost the throne, and his cousin staked the kingdom, his brothers, himself and his wife at diceThe Mahabharata, traditionally attributed to Vyasa, is the longest Indian epic, with more than 100,000 verses.Wikisource (primary text) and 4 moreMuisca raft - detail - Museo del Oro, Bogotá: Detail of famous Muisca raft, Museo del Oro (Gold Museum), BogotáLegend · 1537 · Lake Guatavita, Cundinamarca, ColombiaA 1636 chronicle says the heir of Guatavita fasted six years in a cave and was covered in gold dust to take his uncle's lordship, and the rite gave the world El DoradoEl Dorado began as a real succession rite and grew into a legend. Juan Rodríguez Freyle wrote the fullest account in 1636 from what don Juan, lord of Guatavita, told him.biblioteca-antologica.org and 3 moreEirik Blodøks with Gunhild, Egil Skallagrimsson standing: Eric Bloodaxe sitting on his throne with Gunnhild Mother of Kings at his side. The man standing up is Egil Skallagrimsson.Legend · 935 · Gulathing (Gulen), Norway, and Mosfell, IcelandEgil's saga says a queen's men cut the court ropes to stop Egil's inheritance suit, and Egil later won the land by biting a man's throat outEgil's saga covers about 850 to 1000; its oldest manuscript fragment dates from about 1250, and many scholars attribute it to Snorri Sturluson.viking.ucla.edu and 6 moreMap of China, marked on the globeLegend · 842 · Lhasa, Tibet, ChinaTibetan Buddhist histories say a monk shot Emperor Langdarma in 842; his two sons by different queens split the empireLangdarma reigned from about 838 to 842. Later Tibetan Buddhist histories say he persecuted Buddhism. They say the monk Lhalung Pelgyi Dorje was told in a dream by a goddess to kill him.info-buddhism.com and 2 moreBheeshma oathlabel QS:Len,"Bheeshma oath"label QS:Lml,"ഭീഷ്മശപഥം": Bhishma taking oath, on abdicating his right to the throne, in order to get the fisher girl married to his fatherLegend · 400 BCE · Hastinapura, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaThe Mahabharata says Bhishma gave up the Kuru throne and vowed never to marry so his father could wed, and the line ran out of heirsThe Adi Parva says King Shantanu wanted to marry Satyavati, a fisherman's daughter. Her father would agree only if her son became king. He also feared that the crown prince Devavrata's own children would later claim the throne.Wikisource (primary text) and 2 moreThe Murder of Iraj: This folio from Walters manuscript W.602 illustrates the murder of Iraj.Legend · 1010 · Iran (the kingdom of Iran in the epic)The Shahnameh says King Faridun gave Iran to his youngest son, and the two elder sons killed him and sent his head to their fatherFerdowsi's Shahnameh, finished in 1010, tells this as legend; the king Faridun goes back to the Avestan hero Thraetaona. In Warner's 1905 translation, Faridun, worn with age, divides the world among three sons.Internet Archive and 4 moreHaman Begging the Mercy of Esther: Haman Begging the Mercy of EstherScripture · 474 BCE · Susa (Shush), IranThe Book of Esther says the king hanged Haman on his own gallows and gave his house to Queen Esther the same dayThe Book of Esther says Haman, chief minister of King Ahasuerus, offered "ten thousand talents of silver" for a decree to destroy the Jews of the empire. Queen Esther, who had kept her Jewish birth secret, exposed him at a banquet.sefaria.org and 4 moreMap of United Kingdom, marked on the globeLegend · 1485 · London, England (the churchyard of "the greatest churchMalory says Uther's heir was raised in secret, the lords refused the boy who pulled the sword, and the common people made him kingThe sword in the stone is legend. Specialists hold Arthur to be a mythological or folkloric figure. The sword story does not appear in Geoffrey of Monmouth's account of about 1137; it was introduced around 1200 by Robert de Boron.Project Gutenberg and 3 moreGeoffrey Leicester Gray: Geoffrey Leicester Gray, British colonial administrator and his wife in 1953Legend · 750 BCE · Leicester, EnglandGeoffrey of Monmouth says King Leir split Britain between two flattering daughters, who took all of it and cut his household from 60 knights to oneGeoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain, written about 1136, is the first known telling of the story of Leir. Scholars treat Leir as a legendary king.yorku.ca and 4 moreNumitor, after the Death of Amulius, is Restored to the Throne of Alba, pl.6 from the series The Story of Romulus and Re: Numitor, after the Death of Amulius, is Restored to the ThLegend · 753 BCE · Alba Longa (Alban Hills, near Rome), ItalyLivy says Amulius broke his father's will, took the throne of Alba Longa, and made his niece a Vestal virgin so his brother would have no heirsThe Roman historian Livy opens his history with the legend of Rome's founding. He says King Proca of Alba Longa left "the ancient throne of the Silvian house" to his elder son, Numitor. His younger son Amulius did not accept it.perseus.tufts.edu and 3 moreAntigone Gives Token Burial to the Body of Her Brother Polyniceslabel QS:Len,"Antigone Gives Token Burial to the Body of: Drawing; DrawingsLegend · 1250 BCE · Thebes (Thiva), GreeceThe plays say Oedipus's sons agreed to rule Thebes in alternate years, then killed each other, and the new king forbade burial of one of themThe tradition says that after Oedipus left Thebes, his sons Eteocles and Polynices divided the kingdom by time. The mythographer Apollodorus records that they agreed "that each should rule alternately" for a year.classics.mit.edu and 2 moreThemis Aigeus Antikensammlung Berlin F2538: Themis and Aegeus. Attic red-figure kylix, 440–430 BC. From Vulci.Legend · 1250 BCE · Athens, GreeceTheseus forgot to change his black sail, his father Aegeus threw himself down from the Acropolis, and Theseus became king of AthensGreek tradition, as Plutarch tells it, says King Aegeus of Athens had no recognised son, and his brother Pallas's fifty sons expected the throne.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 3 moreGommateshwara, Shravanabelagola: T, Gommateshwara or Bahubali in ShravanabelagolaLegend · 850 · Ayodhya and Podanapur (legendary); Shravanabelagola, KarnataJain tradition says Bahubali beat his elder brother for the kingdom, gave it up, and stood a year in meditation troubled that he stood on his brother's landJain tradition says Rishabha, the first tirthankara, placed his eldest son Bharata on the throne, made Bahubali heir apparent and gave lands to his other sons before he renounced the world.Internet Archive and 2 moreEmperor Yayati gray: A painting of YayatiLegend · 400 BCE · Kingdom of the Lunar dynasty (legendary), northern IndiaThe Mahabharata says King Yayati passed over four sons who refused to take his old age, and made the youngest his heirThe Adi Parva says King Yayati was cursed with old age by the sage Shukra, the father of his queen Devayani, after his affair with her attendant Sharmishtha. The curse allowed him to pass his old age to a son.Wikisource (primary text) and 2 moreDe ontmoeting tussen Solomon en Sheba: De betekenis van de Amhaarse tekst: Koningin Azeb en Koning Solomon Koningin Azeb is ShebaScripture · 950 BCE · Jerusalem and Aksum, EthiopiaThe Kebra Nagast says Menelik I, son of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, took the Ark to Aksum and that only his male line may rule EthiopiaThe Kebra Nagast says the Queen of Sheba visited King Solomon in Jerusalem and bore his son, Menyelek, known as Menelik I.Internet Archive and 8 moreInca Mummy: Illustration from the book El primer nueva corónica y buen gobiernoLegend · 1438 · Cuzco and Caquia Xaquixahuana, PeruSarmiento records that Inca Viracocha named his illegitimate son Urco heir, fled the Chanca attack, and died stripped of his property after his other sons killed UrcoPedro Sarmiento de Gamboa's 1572 history, compiled from the sworn testimony of Inca lineages, records that the Inca Viracocha had four sons by his wife and two by another woman, Ccuri-chulpa.Internet Archive and 2 moreMap of the Mali Empire: Own work, based off of Gomez, M. (2018). African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa (1st ed.). Princeton University Press. Legend · 1224 · Manden, MaliThe Sundiata epic says the king wanted his crippled son to rule, the council crowned his half-brother, and the exiled son came back to found MaliThe Epic of Sundiata is oral tradition passed down by Manding griots. It reached print when Djibril Tamsir Niane published the version of the griot Mamoudou Kouyaté in French in 1960; an English translation followed in 1965.bu.edu and 2 moreHorus and Seth crowning Ramesses III: Statue of Horus and Seth placing the crown of Upper Egypt on the head of Ramesses III. Twentieth Dynasty, early 12th century BC.Legend · 1147 BCE · Deir el-Medina, Thebes (Luxor), Egypt (where the papyrus wasAn Egyptian papyrus says the gods argued for 80 years over whether the dead king Osiris's throne went to his son Horus or his brother SethThe Contendings of Horus and Seth is a myth, not a record of events. It fills the first sixteen pages of Papyrus Chester Beatty I, copied around 1147 BC in the reign of Ramesses V and found in 1931.riull.ull.es and 3 moreShinpukuji-bon Kojiki (真福寺本古事記): Page from a facsimile of the 14th century Shinpukuji manuscript (真福寺本) of the Kojiki published in 1924-1925.Scripture · 660 BCE · Ise Grand Shrine, Mie, Japan; Atsuta Shrine, Nagoya; ImperiaThe Kojiki says the Sun Goddess sent her grandson to rule Japan with a mirror, a jewel and a sword, and the law still passes them with the throneThe Kojiki, compiled in 712, records that when the Sun Goddess Amaterasu sent her grandson Ninigi down from Heaven to rule the Central Land of Reed-Plains, she gave him the curved jewels and the mirror that had drawn her out of the Rock-Dwelling, and the Herb-Quelling Great Sword.Wikisource (primary text) and 6 moreBian Zhongyun: Bian zhongyunLegend · 690 BCE · State of Chu, Hubei, China; Handan (Zhao), Hebei, ChinaThe Han Feizi says two kings cut off Bian He's feet for calling a stone jade, and the Shiji says Qin later offered 15 cities for the discThe Han Feizi, written in the third century BC, tells this story. A man of Chu named He found an uncut stone in the mountains and presented it to King Li. The royal jade expert said it was a stone.zh.wikisource.org and 2 moreNaboth in his Vineyard title QS:P1476,en:"Naboth in his Vineyard "label QS:Len,"Naboth in his Vineyard ": Naboth in his Vineyard title QS:P1476,en:"Naboth in his Vineyard "label QSScripture · 860 BCE · Jezreel, IsraelKings says Naboth refused to sell King Ahab "the inheritance of my fathers," and Queen Jezebel had him and his sons killed for itThe first book of Kings says Naboth owned a vineyard beside King Ahab's palace in Jezreel. Ahab offered him a better vineyard or its price in money.mechon-mamre.org and 2 moreMap of Israel, marked on the globeScripture · 970 BCE · JerusalemKings says Solomon's mother and the prophet Nathan had the dying David name Solomon over his elder brother Adonijah, who was later executedThe first book of Kings says King David was old and could not get warm. His servants brought him a young woman, Abishag the Shunammite, to attend him.mechon-mamre.org and 2 more