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Egypt and Africa

Pharaohs, sultans, kings and chiefs across Africa, from tomb robbers in Thebes to the Golden Stool, the Benin Bronzes and customary-law courts.

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What do the egypt and africa estate cases show?

Where a family has not written down who decides on its graves, the heir who controls the land can move them until a court says otherwise. When the state that claims a ruler's assets does not pursue the claim in the foreign court, the money passes to the heirs by ordinary inheritance.

Stories
64
Years
2950 BCE to 2022
Main regions
Middle East, Africa, Europe
Legal traditions
Royal and church law, Customary law
Updated
30 October 2026

Every case in egypt and africa, best-known first

Best-known first: cases from 1900 on, then the United States, then Europe, and the people most read about on English Wikipedia each month. Fiction, scripture and legend come last.

Nelson Mandela: From Wash D.C. Longworth building October 4, 1994. Mandela's first trip to the United States.2013 · Qunu and Mvezo, Eastern Cape, South AfricaNelson Mandela's grandson moved three of Mandela's children's graves to his own village, and 16 relatives won a court order to return them to Qunu in 2013Three of Nelson Mandela's children were buried in the family graveyard at Qunu, his childhood village in the Eastern Cape: his daughter Makaziwe, who died as an infant in 1948; his son Madiba Thembekile, killed in a car accident in 1969; and his eldest son Makgatho, who died in 2005.mg.co.za and 4 moreMobutu Sese Seko: Mobutu (cropped)1997 · Rabat, MoroccoSwitzerland released Mobutu Sese Seko's frozen money to his heirs, and his body stays in RabatMobutu Sese Seko ruled Zaire, now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, until rebels forced him into exile in May 1997. He built a palace at Gbadolite, his home town. He died in exile in Rabat on 7 September 1997, aged 66.swissinfo.ch and 7 moreSarah Baartman: Saartjie Baartman (portrait)1815 · Paris, FranceFrance passed a law in 2002 to return Sarah Baartman's remains to South AfricaSarah Baartman was born about 1789 near the Gamtoos River in today's Eastern Cape, South Africa. On 29 October 1810 she was said to have signed a contract with the surgeon William Dunlop, though she could not read.sahistory.org.za and 4 moreAI illustration: Rhodes's grave on the granite dome of World's View in the Matopos hills, 19021902 · Muizenberg, Cape ColonyParliament cancelled the Kaiser's 15 Rhodes Scholarships in 1916, and Zimbabwean officials called for Rhodes's body to be removedCecil Rhodes signed his eighth and final will on 1 July 1899 and added codicils until March 1902. The will created 60 Oxford scholarships and left £100,000 to Oriel College.Internet Archive and 5 moreMap of Eswatini, marked on the globe1982 · Mbabane, EswatiniSwaziland's royal council deposed Queen Regent Dzeliwe in 1983 after Sobhuza II diedSobhuza II became king of the Swazi in December 1899 as an infant and was installed in December 1921. He reigned until his death in August 1982.d.lib.msu.edu and 6 moreJosé Eduardo dos Santos-16062014-edit: Dilma recebe o presidente de Angola, José Eduardo dos Santos2022 · Barcelona, Spain, and Luanda, AngolaAngola's former president died in Barcelona, a daughter fought to bury him in Spain, and a Spanish court sent the body to his widow in LuandaJosé Eduardo dos Santos ruled Angola for 38 years. In 2017 he stepped down and handed power to João Lourenço, the successor he had picked. He moved to Spain in 2019.voaafrica.com and 5 moreMenelik II: Emperor Menelik II photographed on the throne in coronation garb.1913 · Addis Ababa, EthiopiaMenelik II's death was kept secret in 1913, and his named heir Lij Iyasu was deposed in 1916 and died a prisonerEmperor Menelik II was incapacitated from 1910. His will, proclaimed in 1909, named his grandson Iyasu as heir, with Ras Tessema Nadew as regent. Menelik died on the night of 12 to 13 December 1913.Wikisource (primary text) and 7 moreBurton Tutankhamun tomb photographs 1 009: Harry Burton: Tutankhamun tomb photographs: a photographic record in 5 albums containing 490 original photographic prints ; representing 1923 · Valley of the Kings, Luxor, EgyptEgypt kept every object from Tutankhamun's tomb and paid the Carnarvon heirs their costs in 1930Lord Carnarvon paid for Howard Carter's excavations in the Valley of the Kings under a concession from Egypt's Antiquities Service. Carter found Tutankhamun's tomb in November 1922.archive.aramcoworld.com and 6 moreRosetta Stone, British Museum: Rosetta Stone, British Museum204 BCE · Rashid (Rosetta), Egypt, and London, EnglandFrench soldiers found the Rosetta Stone in 1799, General Menou claimed it as his own, and Britain took it under the 1801 surrenderThe stone carries a decree issued at Memphis on 27 March 196 BC by priests honouring the boy king Ptolemy V, written in hieroglyphs, Demotic and Greek.Project Gutenberg and 3 moreGolden stool 31 January 1935: Photo of the Asante Golden Stool with its immediate caretaker.1931 · Kumasi, GhanaThe British demanded the Asante Golden Stool in 1900 and never obtained itThe Golden Stool is the seat of the Asante kingship. The government anthropologist R. S. Rattray wrote in 1923 that it was the shrine of the nation's sunsum, or soul.Internet Archive and 5 moreTomb of The Mahdi (8626640228): The Mahdi, a Sudanese religious and military leader who defeated the English in 1885, is buried in this tomb at Omdurman. The British blew up the or1885 · Omdurman, SudanKitchener had the Mahdi's tomb destroyed in 1898 and his skull taken, and Parliament debated it before the skull was buried at Wadi HalfaMuhammad Ahmad, who proclaimed himself the Mahdi, died of typhus in June 1885. His chief deputy, the Khalifa Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, took over the Mahdist state. The Mahdi was buried in a tomb at Omdurman.UK Parliament, Hansard and 3 moreConstitutionalCourtofSouthAfrica-20070622: The Constitutional Court of South Africa at Constitution Hill, Braamfontein, Johannesburg.2002 · Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South AfricaSouth Africa's Constitutional Court made two Khayelitsha girls sole heirs of their father and struck down male primogeniture in 2004Vuyo Elius Mgolombane, a carpenter, lived from 1990 with Nontupheko Bhe, a domestic worker, in a temporary informal shelter in Khayelitsha.collections.concourt.org.za and 4 moreTzaneen tea plants: Tea plantation in Tzaneen, South Africa. August 2003.2001 · Nwamitwa, near Tzaneen, Limpopo, South AfricaSouth Africa's Constitutional Court upheld the Valoyi community's choice of Tinyiko Shilubana as its first woman Hosi in 2008Hosi Fofoza Nwamitwa, chief of the Valoyi traditional community in Limpopo, died on 24 February 1968 without a son.collections.concourt.org.za and 4 moreKoning Moshoeshoe van Lesotho vertrekt van Schiphol, Bestanddeelnr 924-0658: Collectie / Archief : Fotocollectie Anefo Reportage / Serie : [ onbekend ] Beschrijving : Koning Moshoe1996 · Maseru, LesothoLesotho's military ruler exiled King Moshoeshoe II and put his son on the throne, the son handed it back in 1995, and the father died in a car crash a year laterConstantine Bereng Seeiso was born on 2 May 1938. On 12 March 1960 he was installed as Paramount Chief of Basutoland as Moshoeshoe II, and at independence in 1966 he became king.sahistory.org.za and 2 moreMap of Lesotho, marked on the globe1996 · Ha Mamathe, Berea District, LesothoA Lesotho chief's eldest daughter sued to inherit his chieftainship, and the courts kept it in the male lineDavid Masupha, a descendant of King Moshoeshoe I, was principal chief of Ha Mamathe and surrounding villages. He died in 1996. Lesotho's Chieftainship Act of 1968 provides only for male succession.Cornell Law School, LII and 2 moreMap of Kenya, marked on the globe1986 · Nairobi and Nyamila, Nyalgunga, Siaya County, KenyaKenya's Court of Appeal gave S.M. Otieno's body to his brother and clan over his widow's objection, and he lay unburied for 140 daysSilvano Melea Otieno, a prominent Nairobi lawyer, was pronounced dead on arrival at Nairobi Hospital on 20 December 1986. He left no will.recordoflaw.in and 4 moreA residential area in Umuahia: A residential area in Umuahia1981 · Lagos, NigeriaNigeria's Supreme Court upheld Gladys Ukeje's share of her father's Lagos estate and declared the Igbo rule excluding daughters void in 2014Lazarus Ogbonnaya Ukeje, a native of Umuahia, lived most of his life in Lagos and owned real property there. He died intestate in December 1981.journals.unizik.edu.ng and 4 moreTewodros II: Téwodros II - 21868 · Maqdala, Amhara Region, EthiopiaTewodros II shot himself at Maqdala in 1868, Britain auctioned his treasury and took his son, and in 2023 Buckingham Palace refused to return the son's remainsIn April 1868 a British army stormed Maqdala, the mountain fortress of Emperor Tewodros II. As the troops advanced, he shot himself with pistols that Queen Victoria had given him.archive.archaeology.org and 8 moreEmily Ruete (Sayyida Salme), Princess of Zanzibar: Portrait of Emily Ruete (Sayyida Salme) in traditional dress as a Princess of Zanzibar.1856 · At sea between Oman and Zanzibar; buried at Zanzibar, TanzanSayyid Said died at sea in 1856, his sons split Oman and Zanzibar, and his daughter Salme was refused her inheritanceSayyid Said bin Sultan ruled Oman and Zanzibar and had 36 children. He died at sea on the passage from Oman to Zanzibar in October 1856.Wikisource (primary text) and 6 moreInterior of Oba's compound burnt during siege of Benin City, 1897: Interior of Oba's compound burnt during seige of Benin City (present day Nigeria) , with bronze plaques in the fo1914 · Calabar, NigeriaNigeria vested ownership of the looted Benin Bronzes in the Oba of Benin in 2023In February 1897 a British force of about 1,200 troops took Benin City, capital of the Kingdom of Benin in today's Nigeria.nms.ac.uk and 10 moreNefertiti Bust Neues Museum Berlin: The iconic painted limestone bust of Queen Nefertiti, the Great Royal Wife of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten. Crafted by the sculptor Thutmose c1340 BCE · Amarna, Egypt, and Berlin, GermanyThe Nefertiti bust left Egypt in 1913 listed as a plaster princess, and Berlin has kept it through a century of Egyptian demandsOn 6 December 1912 a German Oriental Society team led by Ludwig Borchardt found the painted bust of Queen Nefertiti, wife of Akhenaten, in the workshop of the sculptor Thutmose at Amarna.preussischer-kulturbesitz.de and 2 moreMansa Musa: Detail from the Catalan Atlas Sheet 6 showing Mansa Musa1324 · Mali Empire (modern Mali and Guinea)Mansa Musa said he took Mali's throne because his predecessor sailed into the Atlantic and never came backIn 1324 Mansa Musa of Mali stopped in Cairo on pilgrimage. He told the governor Ibn Amir Hajib how he came to power, and the scholar al-Umari recorded it.cambridge.org and 6 moreEntrance of Tomb KV5 of Ramesses II's sons: This is a view of entrance of the closed Tomb KV5 of the sons of Ramesses II in the Valley of the Kings.1213 BCE · Valley of the Kings, Luxor, EgyptRamesses II outlived his first three crown princes, his thirteenth son succeeded him, and his sons' tomb KV5 has more than 130 roomsRamesses II reigned from 1279 to 1213 BC. Estimates of his children run to 48 to 50 sons and 40 to 53 daughters. Four of his daughters, Bintanath, Meritamen, Nebettawy and Henuttawy, became his Great Royal Wives.kirkusreviews.com and 4 moreCleopatra: Kleopatra-VII.-Altes-Museum-Berlin140 · Rome, Italy; kingdom of Mauretania (Algeria and Morocco)Cleopatra's grandson Ptolemy inherited Mauretania from his father Juba, and Caligula summoned him to Rome and had him killedCleopatra VII's daughter Cleopatra Selene married Juba II, and the couple received the kingdom of Mauretania. Their son Ptolemy became co-ruler by AD 21 and sole king when Juba died in AD 23 or 24.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 2 moreDingane - 'Bulalani abathakathi' - 1897: Dingane got up and yelled "Bulalani abathakathi" ("kill the magicians") and the warrior immediately killed the Boer representatives. In rea1828 · KwaDukuza (Stanger), KwaZulu-Natal, South AfricaDingane and Mhlangana killed their half-brother Shaka in 1828, and their brother Mpande took the Zulu throne with Boer help in 1840Shaka ruled the Zulu kingdom. In September 1828, while his armies were away, his bodyguard Mbopha and his half-brothers Dingane and Mhlangana stabbed him near his barracks at Dukuza. His body was buried in a grain pit.Internet Archive and 5 moreMap of Egypt, marked on the globe1261 BCE · Saqqara and Memphis, EgyptMes sued to recover land granted to his ancestor Neshi under Ahmose I, after a court ruled against his mother on a false registerUnder Ahmose I, the king gave an estate to the treasurer Neshi as a reward. His descendants held it as one family property.Internet Archive and 1 moreRamses I Mummy, caudal view: This work was uploaded within an activity of Egypt Wikimedians User Group. Feel free to drop your question on the workshop discussion page.1291 BCE · Valley of the Kings, Egypt; Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada; A mummy sold in Luxor around 1860 spent over a century in a Niagara Falls curiosity museum before it was identified as Ramesses I and sent homeRamesses I founded the Nineteenth Dynasty and reigned about two years. His son was Seti I and his grandson Ramesses II.archive.archaeology.org and 4 moreSarcophagus of Seti I 2023-02-17d: London, United Kingdom: Sir John Soane's Museum, sarcophagus of Pharao Seti I., showing the Book of Gates1279 BCE · Valley of the Kings, Egypt, and London, EnglandSeti I's empty sarcophagus was sold to the architect John Soane in 1824, and Soane obtained an Act of Parliament so his son could not inherit itSeti I, father of Ramesses II, was buried in tomb KV17 in a sarcophagus carved from one block of calcite. Robbers smashed its lid in antiquity, and priests later moved his body; it was found in the royal cache in 1881.UK Parliament, Hansard and 5 moreEstampes par Nicolas de Larmessin.f149.Le grand cherif Mouley-Ismaël, roi du Maroc: Les augustes représentations de tous les rois de France, depuis Pharamond jusqu'à Louis XIV,... 1727 · Meknes, MoroccoMoulay Ismail of Morocco died in 1727 with hundreds of sons, and his army made and unmade sultans for thirty yearsMoulay Ismail became sultan of Morocco in 1672, at about 25, and ruled until 1727. In 1704 the French envoy Dominique Busnot reported 600 sons by four wives and 500 concubines. Textbooks and Guinness give 888 children.journals.plos.org and 5 morePtolemy VIII Physcon: Head of Ptolemy VIII130 BCE · Alexandria, Egypt, and CyprusPtolemy VIII married his sister Cleopatra II and then her daughter, and when his sister held Alexandria against him he sent her their son's head, hands and feetIn 145 BC Ptolemy VIII returned to Alexandria after his brother Ptolemy VI died and married his brother's widow, their sister Cleopatra II.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 2 moreHatshepsut: Seated Statue of Hatshepsut1458 BCE · Thebes (Luxor), EgyptHatshepsut took the throne from her stepson Thutmose III, who had her statues smashed and her images erased two decades after her deathThutmose II died while his son Thutmose III, born to another wife, was a child. Hatshepsut, the dead king's widow and half-sister, ruled for the boy as regent from about 1479 BC.worldhistory.org and 3 moreArsinoe II: ArsinoeII269 BCE · Cassandreia (Kassandreia, Greece) and Alexandria, EgyptArsinoe II married her half-brother Ptolemy Keraunos to protect her sons, he had two of them killed in her arms, and she then married her full brotherPtolemy I passed over his eldest son, Ptolemy Keraunos, son of Eurydice, and around 285 BC made the younger Ptolemy II, son of Berenice, his heir. Keraunos left Egypt.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 3 moreHoward Carter: Howard carter1323 BCE · Valley of the Kings, Luxor, EgyptHoward Carter's team cut Tutankhamun's body apart to free it from his coffin in 1925, and Carter's published account left it outOn 24 October 1925 Carter's team found that Tutankhamun's innermost coffin was solid gold and fixed to the second coffin by thick resin. Resin poured over the king at his funeral had also glued the body inside.tutankhamun.griffith.ox.ac.uk and 4 moreAmarna letter fragment, from King Tushratta of Mitanni to Queen Tiy (Teye) of Egypt, matching fragment in British Museum: Exhibit in the Oriental Institute Museum, University of Ch1353 BCE · Thebes (Luxor), Egypt, and Mittani (northern Syria and Iraq)Amenhotep III promised the king of Mittani solid-gold statues for his daughter, and after Amenhotep died his son sent gold-plated woodTushratta, king of Mittani, gave his daughter Tadu-Heba to Pharaoh Amenhotep III. He wrote that he gave her at the first request, where his grandfather had waited for a seventh request and his father for a fifth or sixth.repository.bilkent.edu.tr and 3 moreCleopatra: Kleopatra-VII.-Altes-Museum-Berlin130 BCE · Alexandria, EgyptMark Antony gave Cleopatra's children kingdoms in 34 BC, and after 30 BC Octavian killed Caesarion and gave the others to his sister to raiseIn autumn 34 BC Mark Antony filled the gymnasium at Alexandria and set two golden thrones on a silver platform, with lower thrones for the children.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 5 moreSaqqara, Sarcophagus of Nectanebo II (never used), British Museum: Saqqara, Sarcophagus of Nectanebo II (never used since he left it when he fled south), British Museum343 BCE · Alexandria, Egypt, and London, EnglandThe last native pharaoh fled the Persians and never used his sarcophagus, and the British took it from Alexandria in 1801 as the tomb of AlexanderNectanebo II was the last native Egyptian king. In 343 BC the Persian king Artaxerxes III restored Persian rule. Nectanebo fled south and never regained power.Internet Archive and 2 morePtolemy XII Auletes: Ptolemy XII Auletes Louvre Ma344951 BCE · Alexandria, EgyptPtolemy XII's will named Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII joint heirs under Roman protection, and the heirs went to warPtolemy XII Auletes held Egypt with Roman backing. His will named two heirs to rule together: the elder of his two sons, Ptolemy XIII, and the elder of his two daughters, Cleopatra VII.classics.mit.edu and 3 moreGold dinar of al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, AH 391: Dinar de ouro do califa fatímida Aláqueme Bimar Alá1021 · Muqattam hills, Cairo, EgyptSitt al-Mulk set aside the Fatimid heir after the caliph al-Hakim disappeared in 1021 and put his son al-Zahir on the throneIn 1013 the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim named his cousin Abd al-Rahim ibn Ilyas, governor of Damascus, as heir, passing over his own son Ali. His half-sister Sitt al-Mulk, daughter of the previous caliph al-Aziz, backed Ali.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr and 3 moreMap of Turkey, marked on the globe41 BCE · Ephesus (near Selçuk, Turkey)Cleopatra's sister Arsinoe IV fought Caesar, walked in chains in his triumph and was killed at a temple on Antony's orders, and the skeleton said to be hers was a boy'sIn 48 BC, while Julius Caesar was besieged in Alexandria, Cleopatra's younger sister Arsinoe escaped the palace with her tutor, the eunuch Ganymedes, and proclaimed herself queen.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 5 moreMausoleum of Shajar al-Durr DSCF2771: Mausoleum of Shajar al-Durr in al-Khalifa neighbourhood, Cairo1249 · al-Mansura, EgyptShajar al-Durr hid the death of Sultan al-Salih Ayyub in 1249, became sultan after his heir was killed, and was beaten to death in 1257Sultan al-Salih Ayyub died at al-Mansura on 22 November 1249 while the crusader army of Louis IX of France was in the Nile Delta. His widow Shajar al-Durr, the emir Fakhr al-Din and the chief eunuch kept the death secret.engelsbergideas.com and 3 moreIbrahim Iskandar of Johor: King Ibrahim of Malaysia August 20251540 · Amba Geshen (Amba Gishen), South Wollo, Amhara Region, EthioEthiopia's emperors held their brothers and sons on Amba Geshen for life until Ahmad ibn Ibrahim's army took the mountain in 1540Ethiopia's Solomonic emperors kept their brothers, sons and other male relatives on Amba Geshen, a flat-topped mountain, so they could not raise rivals to the throne. The first certain record is from the reign of Jin Asgad.Project Gutenberg and 2 moreSeqenenre Tao-mummy-head: Mummified head of Seqenenre Tao1555 BCE · Thebes (Luxor), EgyptKing Seqenenre Tao died with his hands tied and his skull broken by Hyksos weapons, and his sons finished his warSeqenenre Tao ruled southern Egypt from Thebes while the Hyksos, a dynasty of Asian origin, held the north. A later tale, The Quarrel of Apophis and Seqenenre, describes tension with the Hyksos king Apepi.frontiersin.org and 3 moreAmenemhat IV: Amenemhat IV upclose1962 BCE · the royal residence, EgyptAmenemhat I was attacked by his own guards after supper, and his son raced back from a war in Libya to take the throneAmenemhat I was not born royal. His parents were named Senusret and Nefret. He may be the vizier Amenemhat who led an expedition for King Mentuhotep IV before taking the throne.maat.sofiatopia.org and 3 moreDB320 Mummies 1881: Photograph by Émile Brugsch of the Royal Cache of mummies found in DB320 by Gaston Maspero in 1881. Taken before the mummies were unwrapped.1000 BCE · Deir el-Bahari, Luxor, EgyptThe Abd el-Rassul brothers sold royal mummies from a hidden tomb for a decade, until the eldest confessed in 1881After robbers stripped the New Kingdom royal tombs, priests moved the kings' bodies, rewrapped them and placed many in the family tomb of the high priest Pinedjem II at Deir el-Bahari, now TT320.newlinesmag.com and 4 morePtolemy Apion MAN Napoli Inv5598: Herm head with corkscrew curls that may be a 18th-century restoration, traditionally identified as Ptolemy Apion, king of Cyrene, or Berenice.96 BCE · Cyrene (Shahat), LibyaPtolemy VIII willed Cyrene to Rome in 155 BC, and his son Ptolemy Apion's will handed it over in 96 BCIn 163 BC Ptolemy VIII was expelled from Alexandria, and Roman agents persuaded his older brother Ptolemy VI to give him Cyrenaica, the Libyan part of the kingdom.igcyr2.unibo.it and 4 moreDeckel einer Truhe aus Elfenbein: Deckel einer Truhe aus Elfenbein1327 BCE · Thebes (Luxor), Egypt, and Hattusa (Boğazkale), TurkeyThe Deeds of Suppiluliuma say a widowed Egyptian queen asked the Hittite king for a son to marry, and the prince Zannanza died on the wayThe Deeds of Suppiluliuma, written by his son Mursili II, say that an Egyptian queen, named Dakhamunzu in the Hittite text, wrote after her husband died: "My husband died.worldhistory.org and 5 moreMerneith stele: Detail of one of the two stelae erected in front of the tomb of Queen Mer-Neith at Abydos, Umm el Qaab, tomb Y (Tomb of Queen Mer-Neith). Now in the Egyptian Museum2950 BCE · Umm el-Qa'ab, Abydos, EgyptMerneith ruled for her young son Den, was buried at Abydos in a king's tomb ringed by servants' graves, and later king lists left her outMerneith held the titles King's Mother and Foremost of Women. Her probable husband was King Djet. When Djet died, their son Den was probably too young to rule, and she most likely governed for him.penn.museum and 3 moreBerenice IV of Egypt: Berenice IV, phraraoh of Egypt55 BCE · Alexandria, EgyptBerenice IV took her father's throne, had one husband strangled within days, and was executed when Rome restored her father for 10,000 talentsIn 58 BC Rome annexed Cyprus, and its king, Ptolemy XII's brother, killed himself. The Alexandrians, angry, drove Ptolemy XII out, and he went to Rome. They made his eldest legitimate daughter, Berenice IV, queen.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 2 morePtolemy VI Philometor: Ring with the engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor.204 BCE · Alexandria, EgyptCourtiers hid Ptolemy IV's death, killed his queen, read out a will naming themselves regents, and the Alexandrian crowd killed them and their familyPolybius writes that Ptolemy IV Philopator began his reign by killing his brother Magas and then neglected government for "his shameful amours and senseless and constant drunkenness." He married his sister Arsinoe III.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 3 moreUP rhino: Golden Rhinoceros at w:en:Mapungubwe Collection, SA1220 · Mapungubwe Hill, Limpopo, South AfricaMapungubwe's royal dead were dug up in 1933 and reburied on their hill in 2007, but the gold rhinoceros stayed in a university museumMapungubwe Hill was the centre of a state that archaeologists date to about 1220 to 1290. The elite lived on the hilltop.repository.up.ac.za and 7 moreCalif al Mustansir Misr 1055: Calif_al_Mustansir_Misr_10551094 · Cairo, EgyptThe vizier al-Afdal put al-Musta'li on the Fatimid throne in 1094 over his elder brother Nizar, and the Ismailis splitAl-Mustansir, the eighth Fatimid imam-caliph, died in Cairo on 29 December 1094. Nizari tradition holds that he had designated his eldest son, Nizar.iis.ac.uk and 4 moreCleopatra: Kleopatra-VII.-Altes-Museum-Berlin130 BCE · Alexandria, EgyptCleopatra filled her tomb with treasure and torchwood so Octavian could not take it from her, and the tomb has never been foundPlutarch writes that Cleopatra built a tall tomb near the temple of Isis in Alexandria and filled it with gold, silver, emeralds, pearls, ebony, ivory and cinnamon, and with torchwood and tow.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 2 morePtolemy X Alexander Tetradrachm Sear7939: Egypt, Ptolemaiovské království (Alexandrie) AR Tetradrachm RY 20 (95/4 př. n. l.) - Ptolemaios X Alexander (106-88 př. n. l.)80 BCE · Alexandria, EgyptSulla sent Ptolemy XI to marry Queen Berenice III, he had her killed within three weeks, the Alexandrians killed him, and Rome produced a will leaving Egypt to RomeWhen Ptolemy IX died in 80 BC, his daughter Berenice III ruled alone. From 101 BC she had ruled with Ptolemy X, who in 89 BC took the gold coffin of Alexander the Great to pay his troops and was killed at sea in 88 BC.University of Chicago, LacusCurtius and 4 moreMap of Egypt, marked on the globe1090 BCE · Sepermeru, south of Herakleopolis (near Beni Suef), EgyptThe Adoption Papyrus says an Egyptian stable master adopted his wife as his daughter to keep his estate from his siblings, and the widow freed and adopted their slave's childrenThe Adoption Papyrus, now in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (P. Ashmolean 1945.96), records two declarations from Sepermeru, a town south of Herakleopolis whose chief god was Seth.mediterraneoantico.it and 2 moreAbbottPapyrus-BritishMuseum-August21-08: The Abbott Papyrus, which is a record of an official inspection of royal tombs in the Theban necropolis-(in hieratic; note red ink, as well1110 BCE · Theban necropolis, west bank of Thebes (Luxor), EgyptEight thieves confessed to stripping the gold from the mummies of king Sobekemsaf and queen Nubkhas, and an inquiry under Ramesses IX recorded itIn year 16 of Ramesses IX, about 1110 BC, Paser, mayor of the east side of Thebes, reported robberies in the royal cemetery on the west side, which was the responsibility of its mayor, Pawero.Internet Archive and 5 moreDeir el-Medina, Luxor, Egipto, 2022-04-03, DD 18: Deir el-Medina, Luxor, Egypt1144 BCE · Deir el-Medina, Thebes (Luxor), EgyptNaunakhte of Deir el-Medina cut the children who did not support her out of her willNaunakhte lived in Deir el-Medina, the village of the workmen who cut the royal tombs at Thebes. Her first husband was the scribe Kenhikhopshef.cambridge.org and 5 morePapyrus judicial Turin: The complete Judicial Papyrus of Turin, the main source for the events of the Harem conspiracy which led to the assassination of pharaoh Ramesses III of the1157 BCE · Thebes (Luxor), EgyptQueen Tiye plotted to put her son Pentawere on the throne of Ramesses III, and a 2012 CT scan found the king's throat had been cutRamesses III had appointed an heir, the future Ramesses IV. Tiye, a wife of the king, recruited officials of the royal household and harem to place her own son Pentawere on the throne instead.Internet Archive and 5 moreKV 13 Bay: Isometric, plan and elevation images of KV13 taken from a 3d model1192 BCE · Thebes (Luxor), EgyptChancellor Bay put a boy king on the throne and was given a tomb among the kings, and a potsherd records that the king had him killedBay began as a scribe and royal cupbearer under Seti II and was probably of Asian origin.ifao.egnet.net and 2 moreOpening of the Mouth - Tutankhamun and Aja: Ay performing the Opening of the Mouth ceremony at Tutankhamun. Wall painting from Tutankhamun's tomb (KV 62)1319 BCE · Thebes (Luxor), EgyptAy had himself painted burying Tutankhamun and took the throne, and Horemheb then erased Ay and dated his own reign from Amenhotep IIIWhen Tutankhamun died, the general Horemheb, who had advised the young king, was campaigning against the Hittites in the north. The vizier Ay took the throne.worldhistory.org and 3 moreTheYoungerLady-61072-FrontView-PlateXCIX-TheRoyalMummies-1912: Front view of the "Younger Lady Mummy" found in tomb KV35. This image clearly displays the damage thought to be done 1323 BCE · Valley of the Kings, Luxor, EgyptDNA tests in 2010 found that Tutankhamun's parents were brother and sister, and that the two stillborn girls buried in his tomb were his daughtersTutankhamun died at about 19 with no living heir. In his tomb, KV62, Howard Carter found an undecorated wooden box and numbered it 317.jamanetwork.com and 3 moreKV55 defaced coffin: Gilded and inlaid wooden coffin from KV55 in the Valley of the Kings, now in the Egyptian Museum of Antiquities in Cairo. The face and the cartouche containing1336 BCE · Valley of the Kings, Luxor, EgyptA king's coffin in tomb KV55 had its gold face hacked off and its names cut out, and the gold from its base turned up in a Munich museumIn January 1907 Edward Ayrton, digging for the American Theodore Davis, opened a small undecorated tomb in the Valley of the Kings, later numbered KV55.archive.archaeology.org and 3 moreKhufu: Statue of Khufu in the Cairo Egyptian Museum2580 BCE · Giza, EgyptThe hidden tomb of Khufu's mother Hetepheres held her organs in a sealed chest, but her sealed sarcophagus was empty when it was opened in 1927Hetepheres I was the wife of King Sneferu and the mother of King Khufu. On 2 February 1925 a leg of a camera tripod set up by George Reisner's Harvard and Boston expedition sank into plaster east of the Great Pyramid.giza.fas.harvard.edu and 2 moreItalian: Il Papiro dei Re The so-called “Turin King List”, with a list of kings written on the verso and an administrati: Italian: Il Papiro dei Re The so-called “Turin King List”,Legend · 2180 BCE · Memphis, EgyptHerodotus says Queen Nitocris drowned the men who killed her brother the king at a banquet, and a modern scholar argues she never existedHerodotus, writing in the fifth century BC, reports what Egyptian priests told him about their kings. He says one of them was a woman, Nitocris. The Egyptians killed her brother while he was king and gave the kingdom to her.Project Gutenberg and 2 moreDe ontmoeting tussen Solomon en Sheba: De betekenis van de Amhaarse tekst: Koningin Azeb en Koning Solomon Koningin Azeb is ShebaScripture · 950 BCE · Jerusalem and Aksum, EthiopiaThe Kebra Nagast says Menelik I, son of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, took the Ark to Aksum and that only his male line may rule EthiopiaThe Kebra Nagast says the Queen of Sheba visited King Solomon in Jerusalem and bore his son, Menyelek, known as Menelik I.Internet Archive and 8 more