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Case file s596 · Egypt and Africa · 1110 BCE
1110 BCE
AbbottPapyrus-BritishMuseum-August21-08: The Abbott Papyrus, which is a record of an official inspection of royal tombs in the Theban necropolis-(in hieratic; note red ink, as well
AbbottPapyrus-BritishMuseum-August21-08. Unknown author. CC BY-SA 3.0, Wikimedia Commons.
Died
c. 1110 BC (year of the inquiry under Ramesses IX; the death date of Sobekemsaf, a 17th Dynasty king, is unknown)
Place
Theban necropolis, west bank of Thebes (Luxor), Egypt
Field
Royal burials · Royalty and nobility on the timeline
Legal tradition
Egyptian New Kingdom law (vizier's commission of inquiry; Great Court of Thebes)
Historical event
Tomb robberies under Ramesses IX, 20th Dynasty

Eight thieves confessed to stripping the gold from the mummies of king Sobekemsaf and queen Nubkhas, and an inquiry under Ramesses IX recorded it

In year 16 of Ramesses IX, about 1110 BC, Paser, mayor of the east side of Thebes, reported robberies in the royal cemetery on the west side, which was the responsibility of its mayor, Pawero. The vizier Khaemwaset sent a commission. The Abbott Papyrus (British Museum EA 10221) records its findings: ten royal tombs inspected, nine intact, and one broken into. That one was the pyramid of king Sekhemre-Shedtawy Sobekemsaf. The burial places of the king and of his queen Nubkhas were found empty, the king's "void of its lord." Two of four tombs of singing-women had also been entered. After Paser quarrelled with the cemetery staff, Pawero reported the matter to the vizier, and Paser's allegations were declared untrue. A second record, the Leopold-Amherst Papyrus, preserves the confession of eight men who had robbed the Sobekemsaf tomb in year 13. They said "We stripped off the gold" from the two mummies, "We set fire to their coverings," and divided the gold "into eight parts." They were examined by beating and held "that Pharaoh might determine their punishment." The sentence is not preserved in Breasted's translation. Pawero stayed in office and the robberies continued. The papyrus was cut in two: the lower half went from Lord Amherst to J. P. Morgan in 1913 (Morgan Library, New York), and Jean Capart found the upper half in Brussels in 1935 (E.6857).

What the law took from it

Grave goods buried with the dead stay at risk for as long as the officials guarding them can be bribed or overruled.

Record vs. record

Punishment: impalement, "the punishment for violating a royal tomb" ( thieves held for Pharaoh to decide, sentence not recorded ( §541).

Sources
  1. Internet ArchiveGovernment record
  2. globalegyptianmuseum.orgScholarship
  3. worldhistory.orgPress
  4. Wikipedia (English)Encyclopedia
  5. Wikipedia (English)Encyclopedia
  6. Wikipedia (English)Encyclopedia

Cite as: celebrity.estate, “Eight thieves confessed to stripping the gold from the mummies of king Sobekemsaf and queen Nubkhas, and an inquiry under Ramesses IX recorded it,” story s596, https://www.celebrity.estate/sobekemsaf-tomb-robbers-1110-bc, updated 30 October 2026.

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