Vichy expropriated the Rothschild vineyards at Pauillac, and Philippe de Rothschild's wife died at Ravensbrück before Mouton came back to the family

Nathaniel de Rothschild bought the Brane-Mouton vineyard in Pauillac in 1853 and renamed it Mouton Rothschild. The 1855 Bordeaux classification left it out of the first growths. His great-grandson Philippe took over the estate at about 20. After the fall of France, Vichy authorities arrested Philippe in Algeria and seized the vineyard^†. A French state order of 7 April 1942 expropriated the Rothschild estates "for public utility", and provisional administrators ran them as agricultural schools^†. Philippe escaped to join the Free French in England and won the Croix de Guerre. His estranged wife, Élisabeth Pelletier de Chambure, called Lili, had been born Catholic and converted to Judaism when she married him in 1934. The Gestapo arrested her and sent her to Ravensbrück^†. She died there on 23 March 1945, reportedly of typhus. She was the only Rothschild killed in the Holocaust. The family regained the estates at the end of 1945. In 1973, after years of lobbying by Philippe, Mouton was promoted to first growth, the only change to that rank since 1855. Philippe died on 20 January 1988, and his daughter Philippine, who had been safe through the war, took control. Since 2014 her three children, Camille, Philippe Sereys de Rothschild and Julien de Beaumarchais de Rothschild, have co-owned the estate.