The Army hanged Captain Jack, shipped his head to Washington in a barrel marked "specimens of natural history," and exiled his people to Oklahoma

Kintpuash, called Captain Jack, led a Modoc band that left the Klamath Reservation, set up under an 1864 treaty, and returned to their Lost River homeland. In the Modoc War of 1872 to 1873 they held out in the lava beds against much larger Army forces. On 11 April 1873 a peace meeting ended in gunfire that killed General Edward Canby and the Reverend Eleazar Thomas. Kintpuash surrendered in late May. A military commission convicted him and three others, and they were hanged at Fort Klamath on 3 October 1873. In a tent nearby, Army surgeon Henry McElderry cut off the four heads; the bodies were buried by the guardhouse. About three weeks later he shipped the preserved heads to the Army Medical Museum in Washington in a barrel labelled "specimens of natural history." Captain Jack was number 1018. In 1898 the museum's 2,206 skulls went to the Smithsonian. The surviving Modocs, 153 prisoners of war, were sent by boxcar and wagon to the Quapaw Agency in Indian Territory. Captain Jack's daughter Rosie, 7, died there in April 1874, the first burial in the tribal cemetery. The Modocs were allowed back to Oregon in 1909. A descendant, Donald Schonchin, died the night before he was to collect the skulls in 1976. In 1982 a relative, Debbie Riddle Herrera, demanded them in Washington. The skulls came home, reportedly in 1984^†, and she has not said where they are.