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Case file s992 · Japan and Southeast Asia · 900
900
Laguna Copperplate Inscription in the National Museum of Anthropology: The Laguna Copperplate Inscription on display
Laguna Copperplate Inscription in the National Museum of Anthropology. Chipmunkdavis. CC BY-SA 4.0, Wikimedia Commons.
Died
900 AD (date on the plate: Saka year 822)
Place
Lumban, Laguna, Philippines
Field
debt and family liability
Legal tradition
debt bondage and acquittal under the chiefs of Tundun (Tondo) and neighbouring polities
Historical event
Earliest dated written document found in the Philippines

The Laguna Copperplate of 900 AD cleared the children of Namwaran of a debt in gold, and warned anyone who later said it was unpaid

In January 1990 a crumpled, blackened copper plate about 20 by 30 centimetres was offered for sale to the National Museum in Manila, after attempts to sell it on the antiques market had drawn little interest. It had been found during sand dredging in the delta of the Lumbang River, which flows into Laguna de Bay. The Dutch scholar Antoon Postma read its ten lines of Early Kawi script with the help of the epigrapher J. G. de Casparis. The main language is Old Malay with Sanskrit and Old Javanese terms. The plate is dated Saka 822, which is AD 900. It is a certificate of acquittal. In Postma's translation, Lady Angkatan and her relative Bukah receive a document of full acquittal for "the honorable Namwran" from the chief and commander of Tundun. A debt of 1 kati and 8 suwarna of gold, about 926 grams by Postma's reckoning, is declared cleared, and "all the descendants" of Namwaran are freed from it. Postma suggests the debtor may have become a bondsman because of the debt, together with his family. The last line begins a warning against anyone who in future says the debt is unpaid. It breaks off mid-sentence, so at least one more plate existed. That plate has not been found. The surviving plate is in the National Museum of the Philippines in Manila.

What the law took from it

A debt that would pass to children and grandchildren ended only with a written, witnessed release, and the release itself became the family's most valuable document.

Sources
  1. Internet ArchiveGovernment record
  2. journals.lib.washington.eduScholarship
  3. Wikipedia (English)Encyclopedia

Cite as: celebrity.estate, “The Laguna Copperplate of 900 AD cleared the children of Namwaran of a debt in gold, and warned anyone who later said it was unpaid,” story s992, https://www.celebrity.estate/laguna-copperplate-900, updated 30 October 2026.

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