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Case file s1193 · Heirlooms and treasure · 1455
1455
Gutenberg Bible, New York Public Library, USA. Pic 01: Gutenberg Bible on display at the New York Public Library
Gutenberg Bible, New York Public Library, USA. Pic 01. Joshua Keller. CC BY 2.0, Wikimedia Commons.
Died
6 November 1455 (date of the court record)
Place
Mainz, Germany; Leipzig, Germany; Moscow, Russia
Field
printed Bible · Business and finance on the timeline
Legal tradition
Mainz civic court; Soviet wartime seizure ("trophy" collections)
Historical event
Invention of printing; Soviet trophy brigades, 1945
Religion
Johannes Gutenberg: Catholic, Other Christian (recorded as Christianity on Wikidata; German Roman Catholics on Wikipedia)

Gutenberg's investor sued him in 1455 while the Bible was being printed, and Soviet officers carried one of the Bibles to Moscow in 1945

Johannes Fust lent Johannes Gutenberg 800 gulden in 1449 and another 800 about four years later for their "work of books." Gutenberg printed the Bible between 1452 and 1454. About 180 copies were made, 150 on paper and 30 on parchment. The partners fell out over how much Gutenberg owed. The court record, the Helmasperger Notarial Instrument of 6 November 1455, shows the court ruled that Gutenberg must repay the first 800 gulden with interest, and could offset his own costs against the second loan. The partnership ended†. Forty-nine copies of the Bible survive. One, bought by Heinrich Klemm in 1878, passed in 1886 to the Leipzig book-trade museum. In 1944 it was moved to Rauenstein Castle for safety. In 1945 Soviet cultural officials seized it and other treasures and took them to Moscow. On 10 December 1993 the Russian State Library director told Izvestia it held the Bible, which had been kept so secret that even the curator did not know. Germany has negotiated for its return since 1992. Talks now centre on cataloguing and digitising the displaced collections. The Leipzig copy is in the Russian State Library, Moscow.

What the law took from it

A partnership without clear loan terms ends in court, and the partner with the money keeps the business.

Cite as: celebrity.estate, “Gutenberg's investor sued him in 1455 while the Bible was being printed, and Soviet officers carried one of the Bibles to Moscow in 1945,” story s1193, https://www.celebrity.estate/gutenberg-bible-1455, updated 30 October 2026.

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